Methods and apparatus for power generation and distribution

1. A control system for controlling electrical power flowing between a main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid providing main electrical grid power having a frequency, a supplemental power system, and a load, comprising:

a switch system, wherein the switch system selectively connects the supplemental power system to the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid; and

a controller responsive to the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid power frequency and controlling the switch system, wherein the controller

compares the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid power frequency to a first threshold; and

autonomously causes the switch system to connect the supplemental power system to the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid in response to the frequency of the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid power crossing the first threshold.

2. A control system according to claim 1 , wherein the supplemental power system includes multiple generators, and the controller controls the output of each generator.

3. A control system according to claim 1 , wherein the supplemental power system includes multiple generators, and the controller synchronizes the generators to the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid.

4. A control system according to claim 1 , wherein the supplemental power system includes multiple generators, and the controller matches the frequency and phase angle of each generator to the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid.

5. A control system according to claim 1 , wherein the controller automatically causes the switch system to connect the supplemental power system to the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid only if the frequency of the electrical power from the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid crosses the first threshold and remains across the first threshold for at least a pre-selected duration.

6. A control system according to claim 1 , wherein the controller further:

automatically compares the frequency of the electrical power from the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid to a second threshold; and

automatically reduces power from the supplemental power system to the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid if the frequency of the electrical power from the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid crosses the second threshold.

7. A control system according to claim 6 , wherein the controller further automatically and repeatedly reduces power from the supplemental power system to the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid if the frequency of the electrical power from the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid remains across the second threshold for a selected duration.

8. A control system according to claim 7 , wherein the controller further increases power from the supplemental power system to the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid if the frequency of the electrical power from the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid does not remain across the second threshold for the selected duration.

9. A control system operating in conjunction with a main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid, a microgrid, and a local load, comprising:

a switch system, wherein the switch system selectively connects the microgrid to the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid;

a sensor responsive to a frequency of a power signal provided by the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid;

a controller responsive to the sensor and controlling the switch system, wherein the controller:

compares the frequency of the power signal to a first threshold;

autonomously activates the microgrid if the frequency of the power signal drops below the first threshold for at least a first pre-selected duration;

autonomously signals the switch system to connect the microgrid to the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid after a ramp-up time of the microgrid;

after the microgrid is connected to the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid, autonomously compares the frequency of the power signal to a second threshold; and

autonomously disconnects the microgrid from the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid if the frequency of the power signal remains above the second threshold for a second pre-selected duration.

10. A control system according to claim 9 , wherein the microgrid comprises multiple generators, and the controller further:

autonomously disconnects at least one generator but fewer than all of the generators from the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid if the frequency of the power signal remains above the second threshold for at least five minutes; and

autonomously disconnects additional generators from the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid if the frequency of the power signal remains above the second threshold for subsequent periods of at least five minutes.

11. A control system according to claim 9 , wherein the microgrid includes multiple generators, and the controller controls the output of each generator.

12. A control system according to claim 9 , wherein the microgrid includes multiple generators, and the controller synchronizes the generators to the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid.

13. A control system according to claim 9 , wherein the microgrid includes multiple generators, and the controller matches the frequency and phase angle of each generator to the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid.

14. A control system according to claim 9 , wherein the first threshold is between 59.9 and 60 Hz.

15. A control system according to claim 9 , wherein the pre-selected duration is at least two seconds.

16. A control system according to claim 9 , wherein the ramp-up time of the microgrid is no more than 20 seconds.

17. A control system according to claim 9 , wherein the second threshold is about 59.98 Hz.

18. A control system according to claim 9 , wherein the second pre-selected duration is at least five minutes.

19. A control system according to claim 9 , wherein the controller further automatically and repeatedly reduces power from the microgrid to the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid if the frequency of the electrical power from the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid remains across the second threshold for the second pre-selected duration.

20. A control system according to claim 19 , wherein the controller further increases power from the microgrid to the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid if the frequency of the electrical power from the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid does not remain across the second threshold for the second pre-selected duration.

21. A control system according to claim 9 , wherein the controller automatically causes the switch system to connect the microgrid to the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid after:

starting a plurality of stopped generators of the microgrid; and

waiting a ramp-up time for the generators to provide a selected power output.

22. A control system according to claim 21 , wherein the microgrid includes a DC source; and

the controller automatically causes the switch system to connect the DC source to the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid within one second after the frequency of the electrical power from the main conventional publicly accessible electrical grid crosses the first threshold and for the duration of the ramp-up time.

23. A control system according to claim 9 , wherein the switch system comprises a bidirectional paralleling switchgear that delivers power to the grid and/or load.