Conducting polymers
There is described a process for forming a conformal film of conducting polymer onto one or more surfaces of a substrate by polymerising onto the one or more surfaces in a single step one or more conducting polymer precursors including one or more monomers in the presence of conductivity enhancing additives comprising one or more ionic liquids and one or more optional ionic dopants.
1. A self-limiting electrografting polymerization process for forming a covalently bonded conformal film of an electrically insulating solid ion conducting polymer onto a surface of an electrically conducting substrate, wherein the polymer has conductivity enhancing additives entrained therein, the process comprising the step of:
initiating formation and surface binding of the polymer film by electrografting an initiator radical ion generated from electrochemically active monomers comprising acrylate groups terminating polyethylene glycol chains onto the surface of the substrate which is polarized at a potential between −1.5 and −3.5 V in a three electrode electrochemical cell whereby the substrate is configured as a working electrode substrate,
wherein the formation and surface binding of the polymer is carried out by contacting an electrolyte in the form of a non-ionic liquid solvent free precursor solution with the polarised substrate, the solution consisting of:
monomers; and
conductivity enhancing additives consisting of:
one or more ionic liquids having a cation selected from a quaternary alkyl pyrrolidinium, alkyl piperidinium, alkyl imidazolium, alkyl boronium, and alkyl phosphonium and an anion selected from OTf, TSFI, FSI, or B(CN) 4 ; and
one or more ionisable salts comprising a cation selected from Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca, B, Al, or Zn, charge balanced with an anion selected from TFSI, FSI, PF 8 , BF 4 , CF 3 SO 3 , (Alkyl)BF 3 , or (Alkyl) n B(CN) 4-n , where n is from 0 to 4;
wherein ionic liquid is present in the precursor solution in an amount of up to 40 wt % of the monomer, provided the precursor solution is a homogenous solution of monomers, ionic liquids and ionisable salts, and
wherein on formation, the surface of the polymer film is free of non-ionic liquid solvent and has a uniform thickness of between 1 nm to 1000 nm, the film not deviating from a film mean thickness by more than ±10%, and wherein the polymer film has 80 to 100% of the conductivity enhancing additives entrained therein.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the potential is applied for a period of from 1 to 60 seconds.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein the working electrode substrate is a 3D surface with a high aspect ratio.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein the working electrode substrate is a pillared array in which the pillars are 10 microns in diameter, 10 microns apart and 100 microns long.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the conformal film has an ionic conductivity of greater than 1×10 −5 S/cm at ambient temperature.
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the radical ion initiator is a radical ion formed from a one electron redox process which is oxidation or reduction involving monomer and/or other precursors present at the surface.
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein a diameter of any pores within the film are smaller than the thickness of the film.
8. The process of claim 1 wherein the substrate is a metal, a metal alloy, a semi-conductor, an electrode for a battery, or an electronically conducting polymer.
9. The process of claim 1 wherein the substrate is a metal selected from the group consisting of: gold, platinum, lithium, sodium, magnesium, aluminium and tin, or a metal alloy selected from Cu/Sn, Li/Mg, or Mg/Si.
10. The process of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is an electronically conducting polymer, comprising a polyaniline, polyacrylonitrile, polythiophene, polypyrrole, or derivatives thereof.
11. The process of claim 1 , wherein the working electrode substrate is selected from graphite, Si, Sn, lithium titanate (LTO), Mg, Al, and alloys thereof.
12. The process of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical cell comprises a counter electrode comprising platinum or stainless steel.
13. The process of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical cell comprises a reference electrode comprising Ag/Ag+, Kalomel, or Pt.
14. The process of claim 1 , wherein the monomer is polyethylene oxide diacrylate (PEO-DA), the working electrode is a Sn coated micropillar substrate, and the working electrode is polarized in the presence of the electrolyte at a potential of −2.5V for two minutes.
15. The process of claim 1 , whereby the ionisable salt is lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) or lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI).
16. The process of claim 1 , whereby the ionisable salt is present in an amount of 0.6 mol/kg to 1 mol/kg of the precursor solution.
17. The process of claim 1 , wherein the ionic liquids are selected from 1-propyl-1-methyl pyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (P13FSI) and 1-butyl-1methyl pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (P14TFSI).
18. The process of claim 1 , wherein the ionic liquid is 1-methyl-1-propyl pyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (P13FSI) and 1-methyl-1-butyl pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (P14TFSI), present in an amount of 15 wt %, 20 wt %, 30 wt %, or 40 wt % of monomer.
19. The process of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemically active monomers comprising acrylate groups terminating polyethylene glycol chains are selected from diacrylate polyethylene glycol monomers or monoacrylate polyethylene glycol monomers.
20. The process of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemically active monomers comprising acrylate groups terminating polyethylene glycol chains is selected from poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate M wt 575 (PEO-DA575), poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate M wt 700 (PEO-DA700), poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate M wt 480 (PEO-MA480), and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate M wt 500 (PEO-MMA500).
21. The process of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is glassy carbon, graphite, Si, Si/C, lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel manganese oxide, or lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide.
22. A self-limiting electrografting polymerisation process for forming a covalently bonded conformal film of an electrically insulating solid ion conducting polymer onto a surface of an electrically conducting 3D microstructured substrate, wherein the polymer has conductivity enhancing additives entrained therein, the process comprising the step of:
initiating formation and surface binding of the polymer film by electrografting an initiator radical ion generated by electrochemically active monomers comprising acrylate groups terminating polyethylene glycol chains selected from diacrylate polyethylene glycol monomers or monoacrylate polyethylene glycol monomers onto the surface of the substrate which is polarised at a potential between −1.5 and −3.5 V in a three electrode electrochemical cell whereby the substrate is configured as a working electrode substrate, wherein the formation and surface binding of the polymer is carried out by contacting an electrolyte in the form of a non-ionic liquid solvent free precursor solution with the polarised substrate, the solution consisting of a homogenous solution of:
monomers; and
conductivity enhancing additives consisting of: ionic liquids selected from 1-methyl-1-propyl pyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (P13FSI) and 1-methyl-1-butyl pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (P14TFSI), in an amount of up to 40 wt % of the monomer, provided the precursor solution is a homogenous solution of monomers, ionic liquids and ionisable salts selected from the group consisting of LiFSI and LiTFSI in an amount of 0.6 mol/kg or 1.0 mol/kg, and
wherein on formation, the surface of the polymer filing is free of non-ionic liquid solvent and has a uniform thickness of between 1 nm to 1000 nm, the film not deviating from a film mean thickness by more than ±10%, and wherein the polymer film has from 80 to 100% of the conductivity enhancing additives entrained therein.