Mooring chains comprising high manganese steels and associated methods
Mooring chains used in offshore environments are typically formed from carbon steels due to their wear and fatigue resistance properties. Although carbon steels may exhibit robust mechanical properties, they are susceptible to corrosion, which can shorten the usable working lifetime of mooring chains, particularly in a seawater environment. Austenitic steels comprising high percentages of manganese may have comparable mechanical properties to the carbon steels commonly used in mooring chains, yet exhibit less susceptibility to corrosion. Austenitic steels suitable for use in mooring chains and other structures in contact with or exposed to a seawater environment may comprise: 0.4-0.8 wt. % C, 12-25 wt. % Mn, 4-15 wt. % Cr, a non-zero amount of Si<3 wt. %, a non-zero amount of Al<0.5 wt. %, a non-zero amount of N<0.1 wt. %, <5 wt. % Mo, and balance Fe and inevitable impurities.
1. A mooring chain comprising:
a plurality of links comprising an austenitic steel, the austenitic steel comprising:
0.4-0.8 wt. % C,
12-25 wt. % Mn,
4-15 wt. % Cr,
a non-zero amount of Si<3 wt. % Si,
a non-zero amount of Al<0.5 wt. % Al,
a non-zero amount of N<0.1 wt. % N,
<5 wt. % Mo, and
balance Fe and inevitable impurities;
wherein the austenitic steel has a corrosion rate at 25° C. and 1 bar pressure of about 0.2 to about 0.7 mils per year (mpy).
2. The mooring chain of claim 1 , wherein the austenitic steel comprises a non-zero amount of Si<1 wt. % Si.
3. The mooring chain of claim 1 , wherein the austenitic steel comprises 0.55-0.65 wt. % C.
4. The mooring chain of claim 1 , wherein the austenitic steel comprises 16-20 wt. % Mn.
5. The mooring chain of claim 1 , wherein the austenitic steel comprises a non-zero amount of Al<0.08 wt. % Al.
6. The mooring chain of claim 1 , wherein the austenitic steel comprises a non-zero amount of N<0.008 wt. % N.
7. The mooring chain of claim 1 , wherein the austenitic steel comprises at least 0.01 wt. % Si, at least 0.001 wt. % Al, and at least 0.001 wt. % N.
8. The mooring chain of claim 1 , wherein the austenitic steel comprises 5-10 wt. % Cr.
9. The mooring chain of claim 1 , wherein the austenitic steel comprises a non-zero amount of Mo<5 wt. % Mo.
10. The mooring chain of claim 1 , wherein the austenitic steel has a yield strength of at least about 440 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength of at least about 990 MPa.
11. The mooring chain of claim 1 , wherein the austenitic steel has a Charpy notch impact toughness at −20° C. of about 80 J to about 220 J.
12. The mooring chain of claim 1 , wherein the austenitic steel has an ASTM G99 wear value characterized by an average pin loss measurement of 2 mg or less and an average disk mass loss measurement of 8 mg or less.
13. The mooring chain of claim 1 , wherein the mooring chain comprises a top chain coupled to a bottom chain, the top chain configured for residing above an anticipated water line and the bottom chain configured for residing below an anticipated water line, the top chain and the bottom chain differing compositionally from one another and at least one of the top chain and the bottom chain comprising the austenitic steel.
14. The mooring chain of claim 1 , wherein the austenitic steel is processed by a hot rolling procedure, the hot rolling procedure comprising:
hot rolling a steel ingot in a series of hot rolling cycles, each cycle having a progressively decreasing temperature, thereby forming an austenitic steel sheet;
wherein the austenitic steel sheet is decreased in thickness by about 10% to about 25% during each hot rolling cycle; and
after a final hot rolling cycle, cooling the austenitic steel sheet to room temperature under a water curtain.
15. A process for mooring a floating offshore structure, comprising:
providing at least one flexible connection between a floating offshore structure located on a body of water and a rigid pile anchor located in a body of water, wherein the rigid pile anchor is secured to the earthen surface located below the body of water;
maintain the position of the floating offshore structure on the body of water through the use of the flexible connection by transferring loading forces imposed upon the floating offshore structure, through the flexible connection and to the rigid pile anchor;
wherein the flexible connection is comprised of a mooring chain, such mooring chain comprising:
a plurality of links comprising an austenitic steel, the austenitic steel comprising:
0.4-0.8 wt. % C,
12-25 wt. % Mn,
4-15 wt. % Cr,
a non-zero amount of Si<3 wt. % Si,
a non-zero amount of Al<0.5 wt. % Al,
a non-zero amount of N<0.1 wt. % N,
<5 wt. % Mo, and
balance Fe and inevitable impurities;
wherein:
the mooring chain is bare;
at least a portion of the mooring chain is located in a periodic splash zone, wherein the portion of the mooring chain is periodically submerged under the body of water and periodically exposed to air above the body of water; and the body of water is sea water; and
the austenitic steel in the periodic splash zone has a corrosion rate of about 0.2 to about 0.7 mils per year (mpy).
16. The process of claim 15 , wherein the austenitic steel has a yield strength of at least about 440 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength of at least about 990 MPa; and the austenitic steel has a Charpy notch impact toughness at −20° C. of about 80 J to about 220 J.
17. The process of claim 15 , wherein the austenitic steel has an ASTM G99 wear value characterized by an average pin loss measurement of 2 mg or less and an average disk mass loss measurement of 8 mg or less.