High-resolution in situ electrochemical NMR with interdigitated electrodes
A system for carrying out electrochemical nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (EC-NMR) is disclosed, along with methods of manufacturing the EC-NMR system, and methods of using the EC-NMR system to monitor electrochemical reactions. The system comprises interdigitated electrodes arranged in a cylindrically symmetric manner. The system allows for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to be carried out on a sample during electrolysis with minimal effect to its sensitivity.
1. A method of performing nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy during an electrochemical reaction comprising:
supplying an interdigitated electrode acting as a working electrode;
supplying an interdigitated electrode acting as a counter electrode; and
supplying an NMR sample tube,
wherein the interdigitated electrodes are positioned inside the NMR sample tube such that the electrodes are in an NMR detection region of the NMR sample tube, and wherein the interdigitated electrodes are cylindrically symmetric; and
performing nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the NMR detection region that comprises applying a magnetic field having a skin depth, and wherein the working electrode and the counter electrode each have a thickness of 0.1 to 2.5% of the magnetic field skin depth.
2. The method of performing nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy during an electrochemical reaction of claim 1 , wherein the working and counter electrodes are located on a support.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical reaction is a sample undergoing electrolysis.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the interdigitated electrodes comprise gold or platinum deposited on a support.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising an electrical feed-through cap that fits on the NMR sample tube.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the electrical feed-through cap comprises:
a working electrode metal finger extending through the cap,
a counter electrode metal finger extending through the cap;
wherein, when fitted to the NMR sample tube, the electrical fingers make sliding contact with the corresponding interdigitated electrodes;
electrical connectors attached to each metal finger, wherein the electrical connectors allow each metal finger to be connected to a potentiostat; and
a reference electrode positioned through the cap.
7. A method of manufacturing an electrochemical nuclear magnetic resonance (EC-NMR) system comprising:
(a) cutting a support;
(b) applying a mask to the support;
(c) depositing electrodes on the support;
(d) removing the mask to reveal an interdigitated electrode pattern; and
(e) rolling the support with the interdigitated electrode pattern into a cylinder for inserting into an NMR tube.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the electrodes each have a thickness in a range of 5-100 nanometers.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the interdigitated electrodes comprise gold or platinum.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the interdigitated electrode pattern comprises gold or platinum.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the support is a glass, ceramic, or polymer support, and the thickness of the interdigitated electrode pattern is in a range of 5-25 nanometers.
12. The method of claim 7 , wherein the support is a glass, ceramic, or polymer support.
13. The method of claim 7 , further comprising applying an electrocatalyst to the interdigitated electrode pattern.
14. The method of claim 7 , wherein the thickness of the interdigitated electrode pattern is in a range of 5-100 nanometers.
15. The method of claim 7 , wherein the thickness of the interdigitated electrode pattern is in a range of 5-50 nanometers.
16. The method of claim 7 , wherein the thickness of the interdigitated electrode pattern is in a range of 5-25 nanometers.
17. The method of claim 7 , further comprising cleaning the support prior to applying the mask to the support.