Battery with active materials stored on or in carbon nanosheets
An energy storage device including an anode, a cathode, at least one of the anode and the cathode including a carbon nanosheet having an active material, such as selenium, in and/or on the carbon nanosheet, and an electrolyte. A carbon material including a carbon nanosheet derived from a biological precursor, such as nanocrystalline cellulose, including a plurality of micropores and an active material impregnated into at least a portion of the micropores of the carbon nanosheet.
1. A carbon material, comprising:
a carbon nanosheet derived from a biological precursor including a plurality of pores, wherein more than 50% of the pores are micropores, each micropore having a size of less than 2 nm; and
an active material impregnated into at least a portion of the micropores of said carbon nanosheet, wherein the active material is:
(a) selenium;
(b) silicon (Si), tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), germanium (Ge), and/or compounds or alloys thereof;
(c) titanium oxide (TiO 2 ); or
(d) combinations thereof,
wherein the carbon nanosheet is fully amorphous.
2. The carbon material according to claim 1 , wherein the biological precursor is one of lignin, starch, crude fiber, hemicellulose, sugar, ash, amorphous cellulose, or pectin.
3. The carbon material according to claim 1 , wherein the biological precursor is one of flax, hemp, jute, ramie, nettle, kenaf or cannabis.
4. The carbon material according to claim 1 , wherein the biological precursor is a nanocrystalline cellulose.
5. The carbon material according to claim 4 , wherein the active material is selenium (Se).
6. The carbon material according to claim 5 , wherein about ¼ of the micropores of the carbon nanosheet are filled with the selenium.
7. The carbon material according to claim 5 , wherein the selenium is amorphous.
8. The carbon material according to claim 1 , wherein the carbon material is an electrode.
9. The carbon material according to claim 1 , wherein the active material is one of silicon (Si), tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), germanium (Ge), and/or compounds or alloys thereof.
10. The carbon material according to claim 1 , wherein the active material is titanium oxide (TiO 2 ).
11. The carbon material according to claim 1 , wherein said carbon nanosheet has a micropore volume of at least 0.1 cm 3 g −1 .
12. An energy storage device, comprising:
an anode;
a cathode, at least one of said anode and said cathode including a fully amorphous carbon nanosheet having a plurality of pores, wherein more than 50% of the pores are micropores, each micropore having a size of less than 2 nm;
an active material impregnated into at least a portion of the micropores of the carbon nanosheet, wherein the active material is:
(a) selenium;
(b) silicon (Si), tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), germanium (Ge), and/or compounds or alloys thereof;
(c) titanium oxide (TiO 2 ); or
(d) combinations thereof; and
an electrolyte.
13. The energy storage device according to claim 12 , wherein the carbon nanosheet is a cellulose-derived carbon nanosheet and the active material is at least partially comprised in pores of the carbon nanosheet.
14. The energy storage device according to claim 12 , wherein the active material is amorphous.
15. The energy storage device according to claim 14 , wherein the active material is selenium (Se).
16. The energy storage device according to claim 15 , wherein said cathode comprises the carbon nanosheet, and wherein said cathode includes at least 50 wt % of the selenium.
17. The energy storage device according to claim 12 , wherein the energy storage device is a sodium ion battery or capacitor, a lithium ion battery or capacitor, an ultracapacitor, or a hybrid ion capacitor.
18. The energy storage device according to claim 12 , wherein the energy storage device has a form factor selected from the group of a D-cell battery, a pouch cell, a rectangular automotive starter battery scale cell, a C-cell sized battery, an AA-cell sized battery, an AAA-cell sized battery, a 18650 lithium ion battery, and a 26650 lithium ion battery.
19. The energy storage device according to claim 12 , wherein said cathode has a reversible capacity of at least 500 mA h g −1 .
20. The energy storage device according to claim 19 , wherein the reversible capacity is about 613 mA h g −1 .
21. The energy storage device according to claim 20 , wherein said cathode has an at least 88% retention over 500 cycles.
22. The energy storage device according to claim 12 , wherein said anode is a pseudographitic carbon (PGC) including partially ordered domains of graphene with an interlayer spacing larger than that of graphite.
23. The energy storage device according to claim 22 , wherein the active material is selenium (Se).
24. The energy storage device according to claim 12 , wherein the active material is one of selenium (Se), silicon (Si), tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), germanium (Ge), and/or compounds or alloys thereof.
25. The energy storage device according to claim 12 , wherein the active material is titanium oxide (TiO 2 ).
26. A carbon material, comprising:
a carbon nanosheet derived from a biological precursor including a plurality of pores, wherein more than 50% of the pores are micropores, each micropore having a size of less than 2 nm; and
an active material impregnated into at least a portion of the micropores of said carbon nanosheet,
wherein the biological precursor is a nanocrystalline cellulose and the active material is selenium (Se).
27. The carbon material according to claim 26 , wherein ¼ of the micropores of the carbon nanosheet are filled with the selenium.