Catheter with high-density mapping electrodes
High-density mapping catheters with an array of mapping electrodes are disclosed. These catheters can be used for diagnosing and treating cardiac arrhythmias, for example. The catheters are adapted to contact tissue and comprise a flexible framework including the electrode array. The array of electrodes may be formed from a plurality of columns of longitudinally-aligned and rows of laterally-aligned electrodes.
1. A planar array catheter comprising:
an elongated catheter shaft including a proximal end and a distal end, and defining a catheter longitudinal axis extending between the proximal and distal ends; and
a flexible, planar array at the distal end of the catheter shaft, the planar array configured to conform to tissue, and includes two or more arms extending substantially parallel with the longitudinal axis, each of the arms having a plurality of electrodes mounted thereon; and
wherein the electrodes on each arm are grouped into cliques of three or more electrodes on each arm.
2. The planar array catheter of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of electrodes on each arm are configured in at least two columns oriented substantially parallel with the catheter longitudinal axis.
3. The planar array catheter of claim 1 , wherein the cliques of electrodes are configured in a triangular-shape, each clique having at least three electrodes, the cliques of electrodes configured to sample electrical characteristics of contacted tissue in at least two substantially transverse directions.
4. The planar array catheter of claim 3 , wherein the electrical characteristics sampled by the electrodes in a clique are collectively indicative of the true electrical characteristics of the tissue independent of an orientation of the planar array relative to the tissue.
5. The planar array catheter of claim 1 , wherein each of the two or more arms of the planar array includes electrodes on both an inner and outer surface, each of the cliques include at least one electrode on an inner surface of the arm, the at least one electrode on the inner surface of the arm configured to facilitate sampling of electrical characteristics in a direction normal to the contacted tissue.
6. The planar array catheter of claim 1 , wherein a distance between at least two pairs of electrodes within each clique is equal.
7. The planar array catheter of claim 1 , wherein a distance between the electrodes in each clique remains constant in contracted and deployed configurations of the planar array.
8. The planar array catheter of claim 1 , wherein a center-to-center distance between the electrodes in each clique is between 0.5 and 4 millimeters.
9. The planar array catheter of claim 1 , wherein the electrodes of the cliques form an isosceles triangle with a vertex angle between 30°-140°.
10. The planar array catheter of claim 1 , wherein the electrodes of the cliques form a right triangle.
11. The planar array catheter of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of electrodes are spot electrodes and the two or more arms include flexible electronic circuits that are communicatively and mechanically coupled to the spot electrodes.
12. The planar array catheter of claim 1 , wherein the electrodes of a clique are configured to collect electrical signals emanating from the tissue in contact with the planar array indicative of the electrical characteristics of the tissue, the electrical characteristics of the tissue being independent of an orientation of the planar array relative to the tissue.