Production of Si/C composite particles
The invention provides processes for producing precomposite particles by mixing silicon particles, polyacrylonitrile and one or more carbon additives (C additives) based on one carbon polymorph, optionally one or more organic pore formers and optionally one or more inorganic additives, each in the form of a powder, wherein no solvent is added before and during the mixing, and the inorganic additives are selected from the group comprising halides of the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, carbonates of the alkali metals, zinc oxide, magnesium carbonate and nickel sulfide, wherein the polyacrylonitrile, the silicon, particles and/or the C additives are wholly or partly initially charged prior to the mixing or are wholly or partly metered in during the mixing, with the proviso that, without polyacrylonitrile in the initial charge, the silicon particles and/or the C additives are at least partly metered in together with polyacrylonitrile or after addition of polyacrylonitrile. The invention further provides processes for producing Si/C composite particles, characterized in that the aforementioned precomposite particles are subjected to thermal treatment.
1. A method for producing precomposite particles, comprising:
dry mixing silicon particles; polyacrylonitrile particles; and one or more carbon additives selected from the group consisting of graphite, fullerene, carbon fibers, glassy carbon, graphene, activated carbon, carbon blacks, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofoams, and aerographite; optionally one or more organic pore formers, and optionally one or more inorganic adjuvants,
wherein before and during the dry mixing no solvent is added, wherein the inorganic adjuvants are selected from the group consisting of halides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, carbonates of alkali metals, zinc oxide, magnesium carbonate, and nickel sulfide, and
wherein the polyacrylonitrile, the silicon particles and/or the carbon additives are entirely or partially initially introduced before the mixing or entirely or partially metered in during the mixing,
with the proviso that if polyacrylonitrile is not present initially, the silicon particles and/or the carbon additives are metered in at least proportionately together with polyacrylonitrile or after addition of polyacrylonitrile,
the precomposite particles, when thermally treated, form Si/C composite particles with a degree of aggregation of less than 20%.
2. The method for producing precomposite particles as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the precomposite particles are in the form of agglomerates based on silicon particles, carbon additives, and polyacrylonitrile and also optionally organic pore formers and optionally inorganic adjuvants.
3. The method for producing precomposite particles as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the precomposite particles are based on ≥5 wt % and ≤60 wt % on polyacrylonitrile, based on the total weight of the precomposite particles.
4. The method for producing precomposite particles as claimed in claim 3 , wherein the one or more carbon additives are selected from the group consisting of graphite, carbon black, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and graphene.
5. The method for producing precomposite particles as claimed in claim 4 , wherein the weight ratio of polyacrylonitrile to carbon additives is ≥0.1 and ≤20.
6. The method for producing precomposite particles as claimed in claim 5 , wherein the weight ratio of silicon particles to carbon additives is ≥0.1 and ≤4.
7. The method for producing precomposite particles as claimed in claim 6 , wherein the polyacrylonitrile is partially or completely initially introduced before the mixing.
8. The method for producing precomposite particles as claimed in claim 7 , wherein the polyacrylonitrile is initially introduced at ≥40 wt %, based on the total weight of the polyacrylonitrile employed overall.
9. The method for producing precomposite particles as claimed in claim 6 , wherein the polyacrylonitrile is partially or completely metered in, with the proviso that the amount of silicon particles and/or carbon additives employed overall, or a proportion thereof, is metered in simultaneously with polyacrylonitrile or is metered in after the complete addition of polyacrylonitrile.
10. The method for producing precomposite particles as claimed in claim 6 , wherein after complete addition of the silicon particles and of the carbon additives, no further polyacrylonitrile is metered in.
11. A method for producing Si/C composite particles, comprising thermally treating the precomposite particles prepared by the process of claim 1 .
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein polyacrylonitrile is carbonized during the thermal treatment.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein following the thermal treatment, the Si/C composite particles have a degree of aggregation of less than 10%.
14. A method for producing precomposite particles, comprising:
dry mixing silicon particles; polyacrylonitrile particles; and one or more carbon additives selected from the group consisting of graphite, fullerene, carbon fibers, glassy carbon, graphene, activated carbon, carbon blacks, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofoams, and aerographite; optionally one or more organic pore formers, and optionally one or more inorganic adjuvants,
wherein the silicon particles are particles of elemental silicon or an elemental silicon/metal alloy or mixture thereof, wherein before and during the dry mixing no solvent is added, and wherein the inorganic adjuvants are selected from the group consisting of halides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, carbonates of alkali metals, zinc oxide, magnesium carbonate, and nickel sulfide,
wherein the polyacrylonitrile, the silicon particles and/or the carbon additives are entirely or partially initially introduced before the dry mixing or entirely or partially metered in during the dry mixing,
with the proviso that if polyacrylonitrile is not present initially, the silicon particles and/or the carbon additives are metered in at least proportionately together with polyacrylonitrile or after addition of polyacrylonitrile.
15. A method for producing precomposite particles, comprising:
dry mixing silicon particles; polyacrylonitrile particles; and one or more carbon additives selected from the group consisting of fullerene, carbon fibers, glassy carbon, activated carbon, carbon blacks, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanofoams; optionally one or more organic pore formers, and optionally one or more inorganic adjuvants,
wherein before and during the dry mixing no solvent is added, and wherein the inorganic adjuvants are selected from the group consisting of halides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, carbonates of alkali metals, zinc oxide, magnesium carbonate, and nickel sulfide,
wherein the polyacrylonitrile, the silicon particles and/or the carbon additives are entirely or partially initially introduced before the dry mixing or entirely or partially metered in during the dry mixing,
with the proviso that if polyacrylonitrile is not present initially, the silicon particles and/or the carbon additives are metered in at least proportionately together with polyacrylonitrile or after addition of polyacrylonitrile.