Process for preparing high-reactivity isobutene homo- or copolymers
The present invention relates to a process for preparing high-reactivity isobutene homo- or copolymers with a content of terminal vinylidene double bonds per homo- or copolymer chain end of at least 70 mol % which comprises polymerizing isobutene or an isobutene-comprising monomer mixture in the presence of an aluminum trihalide-donor complex effective as a polymerization catalyst or of an alkylaluminum halide-donor complex, said complex comprising, as the donor, a mixture of at least two organic compounds with at least one ether function each.
1. A process for preparing high-reactivity isobutene homo- or copolymers with a content of terminal vinylidene double bonds per polyisobutene Chain end of at least 70 mol %, the process comprising:
polymerizing isobutene or an isobutene-comprising monomer mixture in the presence of a complex, comprising a donor and an aluminum trihalide or an alkylaluminum halide,
wherein the donor comprises a mixture of at least two ethers selected from the group consisting of dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, di-n-propyl ether, diisopropyl ether, di-n-butyl ether, di-sec-butyl ether, diisobutyl ether, di-n-pentyl ether, di-n-hexyl ether, di-n-heptyl ether, di-n-octyl ether, di-(2-ethylhexyl) ether, methyl n-butyl ether, methyl sec-butyl ether, methyl isobutyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, ethyl n-butyl ether, ethyl sec-butyl ether, ethyl isobutyl ether, ethyl tert-butyl ether, n-propyl n-butyl ether, n-propyl sec-butyl ether, n-propyl isobutyl ether, n-propyl test-butyl ether, isopropyl n-butyl ether, isopropyl sec-butyl ether, isopropyl isobutyl ether, isopropyl tert-butyl ether, methyl n-hexyl ether, methyl n-octyl ether, methyl 2-ethylhexyl ether, ethyl n-hexyl ether, ethyl n-octyl ether, ethyl 2-ethylhexyl ether, n-butyl n-octyl ether, n-butyl 2-ethylhexyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, 1,2-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, dicyclohexyl ether, diphenyl ether, anisole, phenetole, ditolyl ether, dixylyl ether, and dibenzyl ether,
wherein acids employed in the process comprise only carboxylic acids, mineral acids, aluminum trihalides, alkylaluminum dihalides, and/or dialkyl aluminum halides.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the mixture is a binary mixture having a molar ratio of the first ether to the second ether in in a range of 0.1:1 to 1:0.1.
3. The process according of claim 1 , wherein the mixture of ethers comprises
a first ether comprising a first hydrocarbon group bonded to the oxygen by a primary carbon and a second first hydrocarbon group bonded to the oxygen by a primary carbon and
a second ether comprising a hydrocarbon group bonded to the oxygen by a secondary or tertiary carbon.
4. The process of claim 3 , wherein the first ether is at least one selected from the group consisting of diethyl ether, di-n-butyl ether, and di-n-propyl ether.
5. The process of claim 4 , wherein the second ether is at least one selected from the group consisting of diisopropyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, ethyl tert-butyl ether, and anisole.
6. The process of claim 3 , wherein the second ether is at least one selected from the group consisting of diisopropyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, ethyl tert-butyl ether, and anisole.
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the mixture of the ethers comprises a first ether comprising a linear hydrocarbon group and a second ether comprising a branched hydrocarbon group.
8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the mixture of the ethers comprises a first ether comprising two linear hydrocarbon groups and a second ether comprising two branched hydrocarbon groups.
9. The process of claim 1 , wherein the mixture of ethers is selected from the group consisting of
a mixture of diethyl ether and diisopropyl ether,
a mixture of diethyl ether and methyl tert-butyl ether,
a mixture of diethyl ether and ethyl tert-butyl ether,
a mixture of di-n-butyl ether and diisopropyl ether,
a mixture of di-n-butyl ether and methyl tert-butyl ether, and
a mixture of di-n-butyl ether and ethyl tert butyl ether.
10. The process of claim 1 , wherein the mixture of the ethers comprises:
diethyl ether, di-n-propyl ether, and/or di-n-butyl ether; and
diisopropyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, and/or ethyl tert-butyl ether.
11. The process of claim 10 , wherein a molar ratio of the donor to the aluminum trihalide and/or the alkylaluminum halide is in a range of from 0.4:1 to 1:1.
12. The process of claim 1 , wherein the aluminum trihalide or alkylaluminum halide is selected from the group consisting of aluminum trichloride, ethylaluminum dichloride, iso-butylaluminum dichloride, diethylaluminum chloride, and diiso-butylaluminum chloride.
13. The process of claim 1 , wherein the aluminum trihalide is present and is an aluminum trichloride-donor complex,
wherein the alkylaluminum halide is present and is an alkyl aluminum chloride-donor complex, or
wherein the alkylaluminum halide is present and is a dialkyl aluminum chloride-donor complex.
14. The process of claim 1 , wherein a molar ratio of the aluminum trihalide or alkylaluminum halide to the isobutene monomer used in the case of homopolymerization of isobutene, or to a total amount of polymerizable monomers in the isobutene-comprising monomer mixture in the case of copolymerization of isobutene, based on each individual functional site of the aluminum trihalide or alkylaluminum halide, is in a range of 0.001:1 to 0.2:1.
15. The process of claim 1 , wherein the polymerization is performed with a mono- or polyfunctional initiator which is at least one selected from the group consisting of organic hydroxyl compounds in which one or more hydroxyl groups are each bonded to an sp 3 -hybridized carbon atom, organic halogen compounds in which one or more halogen atoms are each bonded to an sp 3 -hybridized carbon atom, and water.
16. The process of claim 15 , wherein the initiator comprises water, methanol, ethanol, 1-phenylethanol, 1-(p-methoxyphenyl)ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, sec-butanol, test-butanol, 1-phenyl-1-chloroethane, 2-phenyl-2-chloropropane, tert-butyl chloride, 1,3-bis(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)benzene, and/or 1,4-bis(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)benzene.
17. The process of claim 15 , wherein a molar ratio of the initiator to the isobutene monomer in the case of homopolymerization of isobutene, or to a total amount of polymerizable monomers in the isobutene-comprising monomer mixture in the case of copolymerization of isobutene, based on each individual functional site of the initiator, is in a range of 0.0005:1 to 0.1:1.
18. The process of claim 1 , wherein the polymerization is performed at a temperature in a range of −90° C. to +30° C.
19. The process of claim 15 , wherein the initiator comprises water, and
wherein a molar ratio of the initiator to the isobutene monomer in the case of homopolymerization of isobutene, or to a total amount of polymerizable monomers in the isobutene-comprising monomer mixture in the case of copolymerization of isobutene, is in a range of 0.0001:1 to 0.11.
20. The process of claim 1 , wherein the content of the terminal vinylidene double bonds per polyisobutene chain end is more than 80 mol % to less than 100 mol %.