Methods and systems for predicting response to immunotherapies for treatment of cancer
A method of detecting cell membrane expression of an MHC molecule in a subject, a method of treating cancer in a subject with an immunotherapeutic agent, and an MHC complex are provided. The method of detecting cell membrane expression of an MHC molecule includes obtaining a tumor cell sample from a subject, and detecting cell membrane expression of the MHC molecule by contacting the tumor cell sample with an antibody targeting the MHC molecule and detecting binding between the MHC molecule and the antibody. The method of treating cancer in a subject with an immunotherapeutic agent includes detecting cell membrane expression of an MHC molecule in the subject and administering a therapeutically effective amount of the immunotherapeutic agent if the level of cell membrane expression of the MHC molecule exceeds a predetermined standard. The complex includes a tumor cell in complex with an antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof.
1. A method of detecting cell membrane expression of an MHC molecule in a subject suspected of having cancer and being in need of immunotherapy, comprising:
(a) obtaining a tumor cell sample from the subject;
(b) detecting cell membrane expression of the MHC molecule by contacting the tumor cell sample with an antibody targeting the MHC molecule and detecting binding between the MHC molecule and the antibody;
(c) detecting a cancer specific marker on the tumor cell sample; and
(d) administering a therapeutically effective amount of nivolumab, pembrolizumab, MPDL3280a, or anti-LAG3 to the subject having a tumor cell sample with increased cell membrane expression of the MHC molecule relative to a control as detected in step (b) and positive cancer specific marker staining as detected in step (c);
wherein expression of the MHC molecule is measured using at least one method selected from the group consisting of immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, mass-spectroscopy, or combinations thereof.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the MHC molecule is selected from HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DO, HLA-DM, HLA-DR, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DX.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the MHC molecule is HLA-DR.
4. The method of claim 3 , and further comprising detecting expression of a marker selected from the group consisting of: HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, PD-1, PD-L1, CD8, CD4, CIITA, Foxp3, LAG3, TIM3, Ox40, Ox40L, 41BB, VISTA, Interferon gamma, Granzyme B, CTLA-4, and SOX-10.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cancer-specific marker is a melanoma-specific marker.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the melanoma-specific marker is SOX-10.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tumor cell sample is from a cancer selected from: melanoma, lung, ovarian, renal, colorectal, head and neck, bladder, endometrial, pancreatic, breast, and liver cancer.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tumor cell sample is formalin-fixed.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tumor cell sample is not a frozen tissue sample.
10. The method of claim 1 , and further comprising administration of a MEK, epigenetic DNA methyltransferase, or histone deacetylase inhibitor to the subject.