Additive manufacturing process and powder material therefor
A powder material for an additive manufacturing process and a method of manufacturing a three-dimensional article via an additive manufacturing process. The powder material comprises an iron-based alloy including alloying elements of carbon (C) and copper (Cu). The iron-based alloy may be formulated to achieve a precipitation strengthened microstructure comprising a lath martensite matrix phase and a Cu precipitate phase. The iron-based alloy may have a Cu weight fraction and a nickel (Ni) weight fraction, and the Ni weight fraction may be less than the Cu weight fraction of the iron-based alloy.
1. A powder material for an additive manufacturing process, the powder material comprising:
particles of an iron-based alloy including alloying elements of carbon (C) and copper (Cu),
wherein the iron-based alloy is formulated to achieve a precipitation strengthened microstructure comprising a lath martensite matrix phase and a Cu precipitate phase,
wherein the iron-based alloy has a Cu weight fraction and a nickel (Ni) weight fraction, and the Ni weight fraction is less than the Cu weight fraction of the iron-based alloy,
wherein the iron-based alloy comprises, by weight, 2.0-5.0% copper,
wherein the iron-based alloy does not exhibit hot shortness when a volume of the iron-based alloy is melted and cooled at a cooling rate of greater than or equal to 10 4 degrees Celsius per second, and
wherein the iron-based alloy comprises, by weight, less than 0.2% nickel.
2. The powder material set forth in claim 1 wherein the iron-based alloy comprises, by weight, between 0-0.6% carbon.
3. The powder material set forth in claim 1 wherein the iron-based alloy has a cobalt (Co) weight fraction, and wherein the Ni weight fraction and the Co weight fraction of the iron-based alloy are each less than half the Cu weight fraction of the iron-based alloy.
4. The powder material set forth in claim 1 wherein the iron-based alloy is essentially free of nickel and cobalt, and wherein the iron-based alloy comprises, by weight, less than 0.05% nickel and less than 0.05% cobalt.
5. The powder material set forth in claim 1 wherein the iron-based alloy comprises at least one carbide former selected from the group consisting of molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), and combinations thereof, and wherein the iron-based alloy is formulated to achieve a precipitation strengthened microstructure comprising a lath martensite matrix phase, a Cu precipitate phase, and an M 2 C carbide precipitate phase, wherein M is Mo, V, Cr, or a combination thereof.
6. The powder material set forth in claim 5 wherein an atomic ratio of the at least one carbide former to carbon in the iron-based alloy is 2:1.
7. The powder material set forth in claim 1 wherein the iron-based alloy comprises, by weight, 0.015-0.5% C, 0.5-3.0% Mo, 0.1-0.2% V, 0-3.0% Cr, 0-0.4% Si, and iron as balance.
8. The powder material set forth in claim 1 wherein the particles of the iron-based alloy have a mean particle diameter in the range of 5-100 μm.
9. The powder material set forth in claim 1 wherein the iron-based alloy is essentially free of nickel and cobalt, and wherein the iron-based alloy comprises, by weight, less than 0.01% nickel and less than 0.01% cobalt.
10. A method of manufacturing a three-dimensional article via an additive manufacturing process, the method comprising:
(a) providing an iron-based alloy in powder form, the iron-based alloy comprising alloying elements of carbon (C) and copper (Cu) and having a Cu weight fraction and a nickel (Ni) weight fraction less than the Cu weight fraction;
(b) depositing a layer of particles of the iron-based alloy on a work surface;
(c) directing an energy beam at the layer of particles on the work surface to fuse at least a portion of the particles together into a unitary solid mass; and
(d) repeatedly and sequentially depositing and fusing layers of particles of the iron-based alloy together on the work surface to build up a one-piece three-dimensional article,
wherein the iron-based alloy comprises, by weight, 2.0-5.0% copper, and
wherein the iron-based alloy comprises, by weight, less than 0.2% nickel.
11. The powder material set forth in claim 10 wherein the iron-based alloy comprises, by weight, between 0-0.6% carbon.
12. The method of claim 10 wherein the iron-based alloy is essentially free of nickel and cobalt, and wherein the iron-based alloy comprises, by weight, less than 0.05% nickel and less than 0.05% cobalt.
13. The method of claim 10 wherein said step (c) comprises directing an energy beam at a select region of the layer of particles on the work surface to locally melt and fuse the particles together, and advancing the energy beam along a predetermined path on the work surface such that a volume of molten iron-based alloy material rapidly cools and solidifies behind the advancing energy beam to form a unitary solid mass, and wherein the volume of molten iron-based alloy material cools and solidifies behind the advancing energy beam at a cooling rate of greater than or equal to 10 4 degrees Celsius per second.
14. The method of claim 10 further comprising:
(e) heat treating the three-dimensional article by heating the article to a temperature in the range of 450-600 degrees Celsius for 0.5-12 hours to achieve a precipitation strengthened microstructure within the article that includes a lath martensite matrix phase and a Cu precipitate phase.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the Cu precipitate phase comprises particles of a copper-based material dispersed within the lath martensite matrix phase, and wherein the particles of the copper-based material have a mean particle diameter in the range of 1-100 nanometers.
16. The method of claim 14 wherein the iron-based alloy comprises at least one carbide former selected from the group consisting of molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), and combinations thereof, and wherein the three-dimensional article is heated in step (e) to a temperature in the range of 450-600 degrees Celsius for 0.5-48 hours to achieve a precipitation strengthened microstructure within the article that includes a lath martensite matrix phase, a Cu precipitate phase, and an M 2 C carbide precipitate phase, wherein M is Mo, V, Cr, or a combination thereof.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the M 2 C carbide precipitate phase comprises particles of an M 2 C carbide, wherein M is Mo, V, Cr, or a combination thereof, and wherein the M 2 C carbide particles having a mean particle diameter in the range of 1-100 nanometers.
18. The method of claim 14 comprising:
prior to step (e), heating the three-dimensional article to a temperature in the range of 1000-1250 degrees Celsius for 1-12 hours.
19. The method of claim 10 wherein the iron-based alloy comprises, by weight, 0.015-0.5% C, 0.5-3.0% Mo, 0.1-0.2% V, 0-3.0% Cr, 0-0.4% Si, and iron as balance.
20. The method of claim 10 wherein providing the iron-based alloy in powder form comprises melting a volume of material including all constituents of the iron-based alloy in corresponding amounts to produce a volume of molten iron-based alloy material, atomizing the volume of molten iron-based alloy material to produce droplets of molten iron-based alloy material, and then cooling the droplets to ambient temperature to form solid particles of the iron-based alloy.