Process for reduction of sulfide from water and wastewater

1. A process for removing sulfide from a wastewater stream comprising:

a. maintaining or, if necessary, adjusting the pH of the wastewater stream to between 7.0 and 8.0;

b. mixing a first oxidizing agent with the wastewater stream and oxidizing the sulfide to elemental sulfur;

c. softening the wastewater stream by mixing lime with the wastewater stream and raising the pH of the wastewater stream to 10.0 or higher, and converting the elemental sulfur to soluble sulfide (S 2− ) and/or thio-sulfate, and precipitating calcium carbonate and adsorbing the sulfide (S 2− ) and/or thio-sulfate onto the calcium carbonate;

d. after softening the wastewater stream, directing the wastewater stream to a solids-liquid separation process and separating the calcium carbonate and adsorbed sulfide (S 2− ) and/or thio-sulfate from the wastewater stream, and producing an effluent that includes residual elemental sulfur; and

e. mixing a second oxidizing agent with the effluent from the solids-liquid separator and oxidizing the residual elemental sulfur to sulfate to produce a treated effluent.

2. The process of claim 1 , wherein after oxidizing the residual elemental sulfur, filtering the treated effluent and after filtering the treated effluent, processing the treated effluent in a membrane separation process.

3. The process of claim 1 , further including mixing an iron catalyst with the wastewater stream and the first oxidizing agent to enhance the oxidation reaction kinetics.

4. The process of claim 1 wherein the first oxidizing agent and the second oxidizing agent are hydrogen peroxide.

5. The process of claim 1 , wherein softening the wastewater stream further includes mixing soda ash with the wastewater stream.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein, after converting residual elemental sulfur to sulfate, processing the treated effluent in a membrane separation unit, and wherein the removal of sulfide (S 2− ) and/or thio-sulfate from the wastewater stream reduces the tendency of the membrane separation unit to foul.

7. The process of claim 1 , wherein after converting residual elemental sulfur to sulfate, reducing the pH of the effluent to approximately 7.0 to approximately 8.0.

8. The process of claim 1 , wherein after converting the residual elemental sulfur to sulfate, mixing hypochlorite with the treated effluent to disinfect the treated effluent and remove at least some of any ammonia present in the treated effluent.

9. The process of claim 1 , further including:

mixing an iron catalyst with the wastewater stream and the first oxidizing agent to enhance the oxidation reaction kinetics;

after oxidizing the residual elemental sulfur, filtering the treated effluent; and

after filtering the treated effluent, processing the treated effluent in a membrane separation process.

10. The process of claim 1 , further including:

mixing an iron catalyst with the wastewater stream and the first oxidizing agent to enhance the oxidation reaction kinetics;

after converting residual elemental sulfur to sulfate, reducing the pH of the treated effluent to approximately 7.0 to approximately 8.0;

after reducing the pH of the treated effluent, filtering the treated effluent; and

after filtering the treated effluent, processing the treated effluent in a membrane separation process.

11. A two-step oxidation process for removing sulfide from a wastewater stream, comprising:

in the first step:

mixing an oxidation reagent with the wastewater stream and oxidizing at least some of the sulfide primarily to elemental sulfur;

after oxidizing the sulfide to primarily elemental sulfur, adding a softening reagent to the wastewater stream and increasing the pH of the wastewater stream which converts the elemental sulfur to soluble sulfide (S 2− ) and/or thio-sulfate, and precipitating a hardness compound from the wastewater stream and adsorbing the soluble sulfide and/or thio-sulfate onto the hardness compound;

after the first step:

directing the wastewater stream to a solids-liquid separator and removing the hardness compound having the sulfide and/or thio-sulfate adsorbed thereon; and

producing an effluent that includes residual elemental sulfur;

in the second step:

mixing the oxidizing reagent or another oxidizing reagent with the effluent from the solids-liquid separator and causing the residual elemental sulfur to be converted to sulfate;

after the second step, further treating the wastewater stream or discharging the wastewater stream.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein further treating the wastewater stream includes adjusting the pH of the wastewater stream to between 7.0 and 8.0.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein further treating the wastewater stream includes subjecting the wastewater stream to a filtration process.

14. The method of claim 11 , further including:

recycling at least some of the removed hardness compounds to mix with the softening reagent and the wastewater stream;

pressing at least some of the removed hardness compounds to produce a filtrate and a filter cake; and

recycling at least some of the filtrate and mixing the filtrate with the softening reagent and the wastewater stream.