Treating iron deficiency with ferric carboxymaltose

1. A method of treating iron deficiency, which comprises administering a dose followed by a further dose of ferric carboxymaltose to a subject, wherein:

a. the dose of ferric carboxymaltose contains 750 mg of elemental iron and the further dose of ferric carboxymaltose contains 750 mg of elemental iron; or

b. the dose of ferric carboxymaltose contains 1000 mg of elemental iron and the further dose of ferric carboxymaltose contains in the range of 500 mg to 1000 mg of elemental iron,

wherein the subject has a reduced risk for FGF23-mediated side effects, wherein the subject having a reduced risk for FGF23-mediated side effects:

(I) has a blood or urine parameter selected from the group consisting of:

(1) normal serum phosphate level, in particular >2.5 mg/dL;

(2) normal serum vitamin D level, in particular 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level being within the following ranges: Males: <16 years: 24-86 pg/mL, ≥16 years: 18-64 pg/mL, Females: <16 years: 24-86 pg/mL, ≥16 years: 18-78 pg/mL;

(3) normal serum ionized calcium level, in particular 1.16-1.32 mg/dL;

(4) normal serum PTH level, in particular 15-65 pg/mL;

(5) normal fractionary urinary phosphate excretion, in particular an FEPi of 10-20% (0.1-0.2 fraction); and

(6) a combination of (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5);

(II) has a blood parameter selected from the group consisting of:

(1) normal serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase level, in particular 6.5-22.4 U/L;

(2) normal serum Alkaline Phosphatase level, in particular 31-40 U/L;

(3) normal serum N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Collagen (PINP) level, in particular 15.13-85.50 ng/mL;

(4) normal serum Carboxy-terminal Collagen Crosslinks (CTx) level, in particular 0.03-1.01 ng/mL; and

(5) a combination of (1), (2), (3) and (4);

(III) is characterized by the absence of one or more and in particular all of the following exclusion criteria:

(1) having undergone bariatric surgery;

(2) obesity;

(3) cardiac conditions with increased risks of arrhythmias;

(4) primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism;

(5) pulmonary disorders such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD);

(6) genetic diseases leading to hypophosphatemia such as X-linked hypophosphatemia, autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets;

(7) secondary hypophosphatemia or tumor induced hypophosphatemia;

(8) disorders of the bone, such as for example osteoporosis or osteomalacia; and

(9) being scheduled for surgery within 1 day to two months of the iron administration; or

(IV) is characterized by normal respiratory capacity measured as maximal respiratory pressure and/or maximal inspiratory pressure, in particular a maximal respiratory pressure of: Males: ≥117−(0.83×age) cm H 2 O, Females: ≥95−(0.57×age) cm H 2 O; and/or a maximal inspiratory pressure of: Males: ≥62−(0.15×age) cm H 2 O, Females: ≥62−(0.50×age) cm H 2 O.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject having a reduced risk for FGF23-mediated side effects has a blood or urine parameter selected from the group consisting of:

(1) normal serum phosphate level, in particular >2.5 mg/dL;

(2) normal serum vitamin D level, in particular 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level being within the following ranges: Males: <16 years: 24-86 pg/mL, ≥16 years: 18-64 pg/mL, Females: <16 years: 24-86 pg/mL, ≥16 years: 18-78 pg/mL;

(3) normal serum ionized calcium level, in particular 1.16-1.32 mg/dL;

(4) normal serum PTH level, in particular 15-65 pg/mL;

(5) normal fractionary urinary phosphate excretion, in particular an FEPi of 10-20% (0.1-0.2 fraction); and

(6) a combination of (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5).

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject having a reduced risk for FGF23-mediated side effects has a blood parameter selected from the group consisting of:

(1) normal serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase level, in particular 6.5-22.4 U/L;

(2) normal serum Alkaline Phosphatase level, in particular 31-40 U/L;

(3) normal serum N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Collagen (PINP) level, in particular 15.13-85.50 ng/mL;

(4) normal serum Carboxy-terminal Collagen Crosslinks (CTx) level, in particular 0.03-1.01 ng/mL; and

(5) a combination of (1), (2), (3) and (4).

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject having a reduced risk for FGF23-mediated side effects is characterized by the absence of one or more and in particular all of the following exclusion criteria:

(1) having undergone bariatric surgery;

(2) obesity;

(3) cardiac conditions with increased risks of arrhythmias;

(4) primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism;

(5) pulmonary disorders such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD);

(6) genetic diseases leading to hypophosphatemia such as X-linked hypophosphatemia, autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets;

(7) secondary hypophosphatemia or tumor induced hypophosphatemia;

(8) disorders of the bone, such as for example osteoporosis or osteomalacia; and

(9) being scheduled for surgery within 1 day to two months of the iron administration.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject having a reduced risk for FGF23-mediated side effects is characterized by normal respiratory capacity measured as maximal respiratory pressure and/or maximal inspiratory pressure, in particular a maximal respiratory pressure of: Males: ≥117−(0.83×age) cm H 2 O, Females: ≥95−(0.57×age) cm H 2 O; and/or a maximal inspiratory pressure of: Males: ≥62−(0.15×age) cm H 2 O, Females: ≥62−(0.50×age) cm H 2 O.

6. A method of monitoring a subject who has been administered a dose of ferric carboxymaltose, comprising:

(I) determining in a biological sample obtained from the subject at least one blood or urine parameter selected from the group consisting of (1) serum phosphate level, (2) serum vitamin D level, (3) serum ionized calcium level, (4) serum PTH level and (5) fractionary urinary phosphate excretion, wherein the subject is eligible for being administered a further dose of ferric carboxymaltose if the at least one blood or urine parameter is:

(1) normal serum phosphate level, in particular >2.5 mg/dL;

(2) normal serum vitamin D level, in particular 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level being within the following ranges: Males: <16 years: 24-86 pg/mL, ≥16 years: 18-64 pg/mL, Females: <16 years: 24-86 pg/mL, ≥16 years: 18-78 pg/mL;

(3) normal serum ionized calcium level, in particular 1.16-1.32 mg/dL;

(4) normal serum PTH level, in particular 15-65 pg/mL;

(5) normal fractionary urinary phosphate excretion, in particular an FEPi of 10-20% 0.1-0.2 fraction); or

(6) a combination of (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5);

(II) determining in a biological sample obtained from the subject at least one blood parameter selected from the group consisting of (1) serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase level; (2) serum Alkaline Phosphatase level, (3) serum N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Collagen (PINP) level and (4) serum Carboxy-terminal Collagen Crosslinks (CTx) level, wherein the subject is eligible for being administered a further dose of ferric carboxymaltose if the at least one blood parameter is:

(1) normal serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase level, in particular 6.5-22.4 U/L;

(2) normal serum Alkaline Phosphatase level, in particular 31-40 U/L;

(3) normal serum N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Collagen (PINP) level, in particular 15.13-85.50 ng/mL;

(4) normal serum Carboxy-terminal Collagen Crosslinks (CTx) level, in particular 0.03-1.01 ng/mL; or

(5) a combination of (1) (2), (3) and (4); or

(III) determining the respiratory capacity of the subject, wherein the subject is eligible for being administered a further dose of ferric carboxymaltose if the respiratory capacity is normal, wherein normal respiratory capacity is measured as maximal respiratory pressure and/or maximal inspiratory pressure, in particular a maximal respiratory pressure of: Males: ≥117−(0.83×age) cm H 2 O, Females: ≥95−(0.57×age) cm H 2 O; and/or a maximal inspiratory pressure of: Males: ≥62−(0.15×age) cm H 2 O, Females: ≥62−(0.50×age) cm H 2 O.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the method comprises determining in a biological sample obtained from the subject at least one blood parameter selected from the group consisting of (1) serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase level; (2) serum Alkaline Phosphatase level, (3) serum N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Collagen (PINP) level and (4) serum Carboxy-terminal Collagen Crosslinks (CTx) level, wherein the subject is eligible for being administered a further dose of ferric carboxymaltose if the at least one blood parameter is:

(1) normal serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase level, in particular 6.5-22.4 U/L;

(2) normal serum Alkaline Phosphatase level, in particular 31-40 U/L;

(3) normal serum N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Collagen (PINP) level, in particular 15.13-85.50 ng/mL;

(4) normal serum Carboxy-terminal Collagen Crosslinks (CTx) level, in particular 0.03-1.01 ng/mL; or

(5) a combination of (1), (2), (3) and (4).

8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the method comprises determining the respiratory capacity of the subject, wherein the subject is eligible for being administered a further dose of ferric carboxymaltose if the respiratory capacity is normal, wherein normal respiratory capacity is measured as maximal respiratory pressure and/or maximal inspiratory pressure, in particular a maximal respiratory pressure of: Males: ≥117−(0.83× age) cm H 2 O, Females: ≥95−(0.57×age) cm H 2 O; and/or a maximal inspiratory pressure of: Males: ≥62−(0.15×age) cm H 2 O, Females: ≥62−(0.50×age) cm H 2 O.

9. The method of claim 6 wherein the dose of ferric carboxymaltose contains 750 mg of elemental iron and the further dose of ferric carboxymaltose contains 750 mg of elemental iron, or the dose of ferric carboxymaltose contains 1000 mg of elemental iron and the further dose of ferric carboxymaltose contains in the range of 500 mg to 1000 mg of elemental iron.

10. A method of identifying a subject having a reduced risk for FGF23-mediated side effects, comprising:

(I) determining in a biological sample obtained from the subject at least one blood or urine parameter selected from the group consisting of (1) serum phosphate level, (2) serum vitamin D level, (3) serum ionized calcium level, (4) serum PTH level and (5) fractionary urinary phosphate excretion, wherein the subject has a reduced risk for FGF23-mediated side effects if the at least one blood or urine parameter is:

(1) normal serum phosphate level, in particular >2.5 mg/dL,

(2) normal serum vitamin D level, in particular 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level being within the following ranges: Males: <16 years: 24-86 pg/mL, ≥16 years: 18-64 pg/mL, Females: <16 years: 24-86 pg/mL, ≥16 years: 18-78 pg/mL;

(3) normal serum ionized calcium level, in particular 1.16-1.32 mg/dL;

(4) normal serum PTH level, in particular 15-65 pg/mL;

(5) normal fractionary urinary phosphate excretion, in particular an FEPi of 10-20% (0.1-0.2 fraction); or

(6) a combination of (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5);

(II) determining in a biological sample obtained from the subject at least one blood parameter selected from the group consisting (1) serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase level; (2) serum Alkaline Phosphatase level, (3) serum N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Collagen (PINP) and (4) serum Carboxy-terminal Collagen Crosslinks (CTx) level, wherein the subject has a reduced risk for FGF23-mediated side effects if the at least one blood parameter is:

(1) normal serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase level, in particular 6.5-22.4 U/L;

(2) normal serum Alkaline Phosphatase level, in particular 31-40 U/L;

(3) normal serum N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Collagen (PINP) level, in particular 15.13-85.50 ng/mL;

(4) normal serum Carboxy-terminal Collagen Crosslinks (CTx) level, in particular 0.03-1.01 ng/mL; or

(5) a combination of (1), (2), (3) and (4);

(III) determining whether the subject is characterized by one or more and in particular all of the following exclusion criteria:

(1) having undergone bariatric surgery;

(2) obesity;

(3) cardiac conditions with increased risks of arrhythmias;

(4) primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism;

(5) pulmonary disorders such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD);

(5) genetic diseases leading to hypophosphatemia such as X-linked hypophosphatemia, autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets;

(6) secondary hypophosphatemia or tumor induced hypophosphatemia;

(7) disorders of the bone, such as for example osteoporosis or osteomalacia; and

(8) being scheduled for surgery within 1 day to two months of the iron administration, wherein the subject has a reduced risk for FGF23-mediated side effects if the subject is characterized by the absence of one or more and in particular all of said exclusion criteria; or

(IV) determining the respiratory capacity of the subject, wherein the subject has a reduced risk for FGF23-mediated side effects if the respiratory capacity is normal, wherein normal respiratory capacity is measured as maximal respiratory pressure and/or maximal inspiratory pressure, in particular a maximal respiratory pressure of: Males: ≥117−(0.83×age) cm H 2 O, Females: ≥95 (0.57×age) cm H 2 O; and/or a maximal inspiratory pressure of: Males: ≥62−(0.15×age) cm H 2 O, Females: ≥62−(0.50×age) cm H 2 O.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the method comprises determining in a biological sample obtained from the subject at least one blood parameter selected from the group consisting (1) serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase level; (2) serum Alkaline Phosphatase level, (3) serum N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Collagen (PINP) and (4) serum Carboxy-terminal Collagen Crosslinks (CTx) level, wherein the subject has a reduced risk for FGF23-mediated side effects if the at least one blood parameter is:

(1) normal serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase level, in particular 6.5-22.4 U/L;

(2) normal serum Alkaline Phosphatase level, in particular 31-40 U/L;

(3) normal serum N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Collagen (PINP) level, in particular 15.13-85.50 ng/mL;

(4) normal serum Carboxy-terminal Collagen Crosslinks (CTx) level, in particular 0.03-1.01 ng/mL; and

(5) a combination of (1), (2), (3) and (4).

12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the method comprises determining whether the subject is characterized by one or more and in particular all of the following exclusion criteria:

(1) having undergone bariatric surgery;

(2) obesity;

(3) cardiac conditions with increased risks of arrhythmias;

(4) primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism;

(5) pulmonary disorders such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD);

(6) genetic diseases leading to hypophosphatemia such as X-linked hypophosphatemia, autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets;

(7) secondary hypophosphatemia or tumor induced hypophosphatemia;

(8) disorders of the bone, such as for example osteoporosis or osteomalacia; and

(9) being scheduled for surgery within 1 day to two months of the iron administration, wherein the subject has a reduced risk for FGF23-mediated side effects if the subject is characterized by the absence of one or more and in particular all of said exclusion criteria.

13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the method comprises determining the respiratory capacity of the subject, wherein the subject has a reduced risk for FGF23-mediated side effects if the respiratory capacity is normal, wherein normal respiratory capacity is measured as maximal respiratory pressure and/or maximal inspiratory pressure, in particular a maximal respiratory pressure of: Males: ≥117−(0.83×age) cm H 2 O, Females: ≥95−(0.57×age) cm H 2 O; and/or a maximal inspiratory pressure of: Males: ≥62−(0.15×age) cm H 2 O, Females: ≥62−(0.50×age) cm H 2 O.

14. The method of treating iron deficiency according to claim 1 , wherein the subject is a human.

15. The method of claim 2 , wherein the subject having a reduced risk for FGF23-mediated side effects has normal serum phosphate level, in particular >2.5 mg/dL.

16. The method of claim 2 , wherein the subject having a reduced risk for FGF23-mediated side effects has normal serum vitamin D level, in particular 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level being within the following ranges: Males: <16 years: 24-86 pg/mL, ≥16 years: 18-64 pg/mL, Females: <16 years: 24-86 pg/mL, ≥16 years: 18-78 pg/mL.

17. The method of claim 6 , wherein the method comprises determining in a biological sample obtained from the subject at least one blood or urine parameter selected from the group consisting of (1) serum phosphate level, (2) serum vitamin D level, (3) serum ionized calcium level, (4) serum PTH level and (5) fractionary urinary phosphate excretion, wherein the subject is eligible for being administered a further dose of ferric carboxymaltose if the at least one blood or urine parameter is:

(1) normal serum phosphate level, in particular >2.5 mg/dL;

(2) normal serum vitamin D level, in particular 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level being within the following ranges: Males: <16 years: 24-86 pg/mL, ≥16 years: 18-64 pg/mL, Females: <16 years: 24-86 pg/mL, ≥16 years: 18-78 pg/mL;

(3) normal serum ionized calcium level, in particular 1.16-1.32 mg/dL;

(4) normal serum PTH level, in particular 15-65 pg/mL;

(5) normal fractionary urinary phosphate excretion, in particular an FEPi of 10-20% (0.1-0.2 fraction); or

(6) a combination of (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5).

18. The method of claim 17 , comprising determining in a biological sample obtained from the subject serum phosphate level wherein the subject is eligible for being administered a further dose of ferric carboxymaltose if the at least one blood or urine parameter is normal serum phosphate level, in particular >2.5 mg/dL.

19. The method of claim 17 , comprising determining in a biological sample obtained from the subject serum vitamin D level wherein the subject is eligible for being administered a further dose of ferric carboxymaltose if the at least one blood or urine parameter is normal serum vitamin D level, in particular 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level being within the following ranges: Males: <16 years: 24-86 pg/mL, ≥16 years: 18-64 pg/mL, Females: <16 years: 24-86 pg/mL, ≥16 years: 18-78 pg/mL.

20. The method of claim 10 , comprising determining in a biological sample obtained from the subject at least one blood or urine parameter selected from the group consisting of (1) serum phosphate level, (2) serum vitamin D level, (3) serum ionized calcium level, (4) serum PTH level and (5) fractionary urinary phosphate excretion, wherein the subject has a reduced risk for FGF23-mediated side effects if the at least one blood or urine parameter is:

(1) normal serum phosphate level, in particular >2.5 mg/dL;

(2) normal serum vitamin D level, in particular 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level being within the following ranges: Males: <16 years: 24-86 pg/mL, ≥16 years: 18-64 pg/mL, Females: <16 years: 24-86 pg/mL, ≥16 years: 18-78 pg/mL;

(3) normal serum ionized calcium level, in particular 1.16-1.32 mg/dL;

(4) normal serum PTH level, in particular 15-65 pg/mL;

(5) normal fractionary urinary phosphate excretion, in particular an FEPi of 10-20% (0.1-0.2 fraction); or

(6) a combination of (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5).

21. The method of claim 20 , comprising determining in a biological sample obtained from the subject serum phosphate level wherein the subject has a reduced risk for FGF23-mediated side effects if the at least one blood or urine parameter is serum phosphate level, in particular >2.5 mg/dL.

22. The method of claim 20 , comprising determining in a biological sample obtained from the subject serum vitamin D level wherein the subject has a reduced risk for FGF23-mediated side effects if the at least one blood or urine parameter is normal serum vitamin D level, in particular 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level being within the following ranges: Males: <16 years: 24-86 pg/mL, ≥16 years: 18-64 pg/mL, Females: <16 years: 24-86 pg/mL, ≥16 years: 18-78 pg/mL.