Patterned anodes for lithium-based energy storage devices
An anode for an energy storage device includes a current collector having a metal layer; and a metal oxide layer provided in a first pattern overlaying the metal layer. The anode further includes a patterned lithium storage structure having a continuous porous lithium storage layer selectively overlaying at least a portion of the first pattern of metal oxide. A method of making an anode for use in an energy storage device includes providing a current collector having a metal layer and a metal oxide layer provided in a first pattern overlaying the metal layer. A continuous porous lithium storage layer is selectively formed by chemical vapor deposition by exposing the current collector to at least one lithium storage material precursor gas.
1. An anode for an energy storage device, the anode comprising:
a) a current collector comprising:
i) a metal layer; and
ii) a metal oxide layer provided in a first pattern overlaying the metal layer; and
b) a patterned lithium storage structure comprising a continuous porous lithium storage layer selectively overlaying at least a portion of the first pattern of metal oxide.
2. The anode of claim 1 wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer has a total content of silicon, germanium, or a combination thereof, of at least 40 atomic %.
3. The anode of claim 1 wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer includes less than 10 atomic % carbon.
4. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer is substantially free of nanostructures.
5. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the metal layer comprises stainless steel, titanium, nickel, or copper, or a combination thereof.
6. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide layer comprises an oxide of nickel, an oxide of copper, an oxide of titanium, or a combination thereof.
7. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide layer has an average thickness of at least 0.02 μm.
8. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer comprises amorphous silicon having an active areal density of at least 0.2 mg/cm 2 and the total content of silicon is at least 85 atomic %.
9. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer has an average thickness from about 0.5 μm to about 30 μm.
10. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer has an average density from about 1.1 g/cm 3 to about 2.2 g/cm 3 and comprises at least 85 atomic % amorphous silicon.
11. The anode of claim 1 , further comprising lithium storage nanowires overlaying the metal layer in one or more areas not occupied by the first pattern of metal oxide.
12. The anode of claim 11 wherein the lithium storage nanowires comprise a metal silicide and amorphous silicon.
13. The anode of claim 1 , further comprising a functional composition overlaying the metal layer in one or more areas not occupied by the first pattern of metal oxide.
14. The anode of claim 13 wherein the functional composition further overlays the continuous porous lithium storage layer.
15. The anode of claim 13 , wherein the functional composition comprises a supplemental lithium storage material.
16. The anode of claim 15 wherein the supplemental lithium storage material comprises silicon-containing particles in a binder matrix.
17. The anode of claim 13 , wherein the functional composition comprises a source of lithium ion.
18. The anode of claim 13 , wherein the functional composition comprises an expansion confinement composition.
19. The anode of claim 13 , wherein the functional composition comprises an electrically conductive material.
20. A lithium ion battery comprising the anode according to claim 1 .