Acoustic downhole leak classification and quantification
Described herein are tools, systems, and methods for detecting, classifying, and/or quantifying underground fluid flows based on acoustic signals emanating therefrom, using a plurality of acoustic sensors disposed in the wellbore in conjunction with array signal processing and systematic feature-based classification and estimation methods.
1. A method, comprising:
substantially simultaneously measuring acoustic signals with each of at least two sensors disposed in an array within a wellbore;
using an array signal processing technique to combine the measured acoustic signals into a fused signal;
computing one or more feature values for one or more respective specified features from the fused signal, the one or more specified features comprising at least one of one or more features indicative of a type of flow causing the acoustic signals or one or more features indicative of a quantitative flow parameter of the flow causing the acoustic signals; and
based on the one or more feature values, at least one of classifying the type of flow or quantifying the quantitative flow parameter,
wherein the measured acoustic signals are combined into fused signals for a plurality of putative acoustic-source locations and an acoustic source is detected based on a local maximum of a fused-signal parameter computed from the fused signals as a function of the putative acoustic-source locations, and
wherein the fused signal from which the one or more feature values are computed is associated with the detected acoustic source.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the type of flow is classified based on one or more feature values for features indicative of the type of flow, the classifying comprising distinguishing between an oil flow, a gas flow, a water flow, a particle flow, and a multi-phase flow.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the type of flow is classified using a Bayes test or a Neyman-Pearson test.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the specified one or more features comprise one or more features indicative of a quantitative flow parameter, the quantitative flow parameter being a flow rate.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the specified one or more features comprise one or more features indicative of a quantitative flow parameter, and wherein the quantitative flow parameter is quantified using Bayes estimation or maximum-likelihood estimation.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the putative acoustic-source locations comprise a depth and a radial distance from a longitudinal axis of the wellbore.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying a binary hypothesis test to the local maximum of the fused-signal parameter to determine whether the detected acoustic source is due to flow.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measured acoustic signals are combined using a steering vector.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the steering vector is based at least in part on a configuration of the wellbore and surrounding formation.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the type of flow is classified based on one or more feature values for features indicative of the type of flow, the method further comprising computing at least one of a sensitivity or a specificity of the classification.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the quantitative flow parameter is quantified based on one or more feature values for features indicative of the quantitative flow parameter, the method further comprising computing a confidence level for the quantified flow parameter.
12. A system comprising:
a sensor array disposed within a wellbore, the sensor array comprising a plurality of acoustic sensors for substantially simultaneously measuring acoustic signals received thereat; and
a data-processing facility configured to combine the measured acoustic signals into a fused signal using an array signal processing technique, and to compute one or more feature values for one or more respective specified features from the fused signal, the one or more features comprising at least one of one or more features indicative of a type of flow causing the acoustic signals or one or more features indicative of a quantitative flow parameter of the flow causing the acoustic signal,
wherein the measured acoustic signals are combined into fused signals for a plurality of putative acoustic-source locations and an acoustic source is detected based on a local maximum of a fused-signal parameter computed from the fused signals as a function of the putative acoustic-source locations, and
wherein the fused signal from which the one or more feature values are computed is associated with the detected acoustic source.
13. The system of claim 12 , wherein the data-processing facility is further configured to classify the type of flow or quantify the quantitative flow parameter based on the computed one or more feature values.
14. The system of claim 12 , wherein the acoustic sensors comprise at least one of an omnidirectional hydrophone, a fiber-optic cable, or a Fiber Bragg Grating sensor.
15. The system of claim 12 , wherein the acoustic sensors form a linear array disposed along a longitudinal axis of the wellbore.
16. A machine-readable medium storing instructions for processing acoustic signals measured by a plurality of acoustic sensors, the instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the machine, causing the one or more processors to:
combine the measured acoustic signals into a fused signal using an array signal processing technique;
compute one or more feature values for one or more respective specified features from the fused signal, the one or more specified features comprising at least one of one or more features indicative of a type of flow causing the acoustic signals or one or more features indicative of a quantitative flow parameter of the flow causing the acoustic signals; and
based on the one or more feature values, at least one of classify the type of flow or quantify the quantitative flow parameter,
the instructions further causing the one or more processors to combine the measured signals into fused signals for a plurality of putative acoustic-source locations and detect an acoustic source based on a local maximum of a fused-signal parameter computed from the fused signals as a function of the putative acoustic-source locations, wherein the fused signal from which the one or more feature values are computed is associated with the detected acoustic source.
17. The machine-readable medium of claim 16 , wherein the type of flow is classified based on one or more feature values for features indicative of the type of flow, the instructions further causing the one or more processors to compute at least one of a sensitivity or a specificity of the classification.
18. The machine-readable medium of claim 16 , wherein the quantitative flow parameter is quantified based on one or more feature values for features indicative of the quantitative flow parameter, the instructions further causing the one or more processors to compute a confidence level for the quantified flow parameter.