Short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) fluorescence in vivo and intravital imaging with semiconductor nanocrystals

1. A method of imaging comprising:

introducing a composition including a particle containing a semiconductor nanocrystal comprising indium arsenide into a subject, wherein the semiconductor nanocrystal includes a core and an outer layer including a solubilizing ligand wherein the ligand includes a first monomer unit including a first moiety having affinity for a surface of the nanocrystal, a second monomer unit including a second moiety having a high water solubility including a polyethylene glycol, wherein a hydrodynamic diameter of the semiconductor nanocrystal is less than 30 nm and the semiconductor nanocrystal emits light having a wavelength greater than 900 nm;

a third monomer unit including a third moiety having a selectively reactive functional group or a selectively binding functional group;

exciting the particle with an excitation light source;

detecting emission from the particle in short wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectrum including sampling at an imaging frequency of at least 48 fps over a range from 950 nm to 1700 nm; and

generating a real-time image of an area surrounding of the subject from the detected SWIR emission.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein excitation spectrum is tunable.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the detecting the emission includes sampling at an imaging frequency of at least 6 fps.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanocrystal includes a core of a first semiconductor material and an overcoating of a second semiconductor material on the core wherein the first semiconductor material and the second semiconductor material are selected so that, upon excitation, one carrier is substantially confined to the core and the other carrier is substantially confined to the overcoating.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein a material of the semiconductor nanocrystal is InAs.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor nanocrystal emits light having a wavelength greater than 1200 nm.

7. An imaging apparatus comprising:

a source of excitation light configured to direct the excitation light at a subject stage;

a detector configured to collect emitted light from a subject on the subject stage, wherein the emitted light is in a short wavelength infrared (SWIR) wavelength region from a semiconductor nanocrystal comprising indium arsenide by sampling at an imaging frequency of at least 48 fps over a range from 950 nm to 1700 nm; and

an image generator configured to create a real-time image from the detected emitted light, wherein the semiconductor nanocrystal includes a core and an outer layer including a solubilizing ligand wherein the ligand includes a first monomer unit including a first moiety having affinity for a surface of the nanocrystal, a second monomer unit including a second moiety having a high water solubility including a polyethylene glycol, wherein a hydrodynamic diameter of the semiconductor nanocrystal is less than 30 nm and the semiconductor nanocrystal emits light having a wavelength greater than 900 nm, and a third monomer unit including a third moiety having a selectively reactive functional group or a selectively binding functional group.

8. The imaging apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the detector samples at a frame rate at least 6 fps.

9. The imaging apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the emitted light from the semiconductor nanocrystal has a quantum yield of at least 1%.

10. The imaging apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the emitted light from the semiconductor nanocrystal has a quantum yield of at least 30%.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein a quantum yield of the semiconductor nanocrystal is at least 30%.

12. The imaging apparatus of claim 7 , wherein a quantum yield of the semiconductor nanocrystal is at least 30%.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second moiety is a poly(alkylene oxide) moiety.