Polymerization methods
Disclosed herein are methods of forming (co)polymers from polymerizable compositions, the methods comprising irradiating the polymerizable compositions with light, wherein the polymerizable compositions comprise a polymerization initiator having an absorption band and exhibiting triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion and a monomer. Also disclosed herein are methods of additive manufacturing using the methods of forming (co)polymers described herein.
1. A method of forming a (co)polymer from a polymerizable composition, the method comprising:
irradiating the polymerizable composition with light,
wherein the polymerizable composition comprises:
a polymerization initiator having an absorption band and exhibiting triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion; and
a monomer; and
wherein irradiating the polymerizable composition causes the polymerization initiator to undergo triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion to induce polymerization of the monomer.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising depleting oxygen from the polymerizable composition prior to irradiation.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerization initiator comprises a closed-shell metalloporphyrin complex.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerization initiator comprises Zn(II) tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP); meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP); 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphine nickel(II) (NiTPP); 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-21H,23H-porphine cobalt(II) (CoTMPP); 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-21H,23H-porphine iron(III) chloride (FeTMPP); palladium(II) octaethylporphyrin (PdOEP); or a combination thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the monomer comprises an ethylenically unsaturated monomer.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the monomer comprises trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (EO-TMPTA), tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate triacrylate (THEITA), (meth)acrylate, methyl (meth)acrylate, or a combination thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the light has an energy that is less than the absorption band of the polymerization initiator.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the light irradiating the polymerizable composition has an energy that does not substantially overlap with the absorption band of the polymerization initiator.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the light irradiating the polymerizable composition has an energy that at least partially overlaps with the absorption band of the polymerization initiator.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the light comprises visible light.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the light has a power of 300 mW or less.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerization initiator comprises a metalloporphyrin complex having a Q-band and the light irradiating the polymerizable composition excites the Q-band of the metalloporphyrin complex.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein irradiating the polymerizable composition causes the polymerization initiator to produce a radical and wherein the radical induces polymerization of the monomer.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein irradiating the polymerizable composition causes the polymerization initiator to undergo homomolecular triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein irradiating the polymerizable composition causes the polymerization initiator to undergo heteromolecular triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion and wherein the polymerization initiator comprises a sensitizer and an emitter.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerizable composition further comprises a Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) agent.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the monomer comprises at least one acrylate end group, wherein the polymerization initiator comprises palladium(II) octaethylporphyrin (PdOEP), wherein the RAFT agent comprises a thiocarbonylthio compound, or a combination thereof.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the RAFT agent comprises 2-(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)propionic acid (DTPA).
19. A method of forming a (co)polymer from a polymerizable composition, the method comprising:
irradiating the polymerizable composition with light,
wherein the polymerizable composition comprises:
a polymerization initiator having an absorption band and exhibiting triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion;
a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent; and
a monomer; and
wherein irradiating the polymerizable composition causes the polymerization initiator to form a radical that induces reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of the monomer.
20. A method of forming an object via additive manufacturing, the method comprising:
irradiating a first quantity of a polymerizable composition on a substrate to induce polymerization of a monomer into a first layer on the substrate using the method of claim 1 ; and
forming at least one additional layer on the first layer by irradiating at least a second quantity of the polymerizable composition to induce polymerization of the monomer into the at least one additional layer on the first layer using the method of claim 1 , thereby forming the object.
21. A method of producing a three-dimensional structure using additive manufacturing, the method comprising forming the three-dimensional structure on a layer-by-layer basis using the method of claim 1 .
22. An article of manufacture comprising a (co)polymer formed using the method of claim 1 , wherein the article of manufacture comprises a photonic crystal, a microfluidic device, a photovoltaic, a photochromic display, a compact disc, a dental (co)polymer, an adhesive, an automotive part, plastic flooring, a thin film coating, a disposable syringe, an intravenous bag, sterile packaging for a medical instrument, a joint replacement, a tissue scaffold, a contact lens, a fiber optic, a transdermal patch, a microneedle array, or a combination thereof.