Diagnostically useful results in real time
A method for real-time vascular modeling and assessment is disclosed. Modeling, in some embodiments, comprises receiving a plurality of 2-D angiographic images of a portion of a vasculature of a subject, and processing the images to automatically detect 2-D features, for example, paths along vascular extents, which are projected into 3-D to determine homologous features among blood vessels and construct 3-D vascular extents and determine other vascular characteristics. Assessment, in some embodiments, comprises processing models selectively different from one another to produce one or more vascular indexes which indicate a diagnostic preference, for example, to perform a medical intervention such as a stent implantation. Speed is achieved, for example, by the method being optimized for determining the effects of a medical intervention. In some embodiments, results are produced quickly enough to allow use of the method to perform PCI within the same catheterization used to perform diagnostic imaging.
1. A vascular assessment apparatus comprising:
a processor communicatively coupled to a medical imaging device; and
a memory storing non-transitory computer-readable instructions, which when executed, cause the processor to:
(a) receive medical images of a coronary vessel tree of a subject from the medical imaging device;
(b) create a first model based on the medical images, the first model indicative of volumetric dimensions of the coronary vessel tree;
(c) create a second model based on the first model, the second model indicative of resistances to blood flow within the coronary vessel tree;
(d) perform a vascular normalization of at least one of the first model or the second model to determine normalized resistances to the blood flow;
(e) determine fractional flow reserve (“FFR”) values for locations along the first model based on ratios of the resistances specified in the second model to the normalized resistances at the same locations;
(f) display the FFR values within the first model;
(g) receive an indication of a virtual stent placement on the first model at a lesion location;
(h) increase a volume of the first model at the lesion location based on a size of the virtual stent;
(i) predict changes to the FFR values based on the increased volume of the first model; and
(j) display the predicted changes to the FFR values in relation to the first model.
2. The vascular assessment apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising stored non-transitory computer-readable instructions, which when executed, cause the processor to:
before (g), determine the lesion location within the coronary vessel tree based on at least one of (i) the resistances to the blood flow of the second model, (ii) a received indication of the lesion location, or (iii) the FFR values that have a value less than 0.8; and
display the lesion location within the first model in conjunction with the FFR values.
3. The vascular assessment apparatus of claim 2 , further comprising stored non-transitory computer-readable instructions, which when executed, cause the processor to:
determine a stent size based on the determined lesion location and a diameter or width of the first model at the determined lesion location; and
provide a recommendation for at least one stent based on the determined stent size.
4. The vascular assessment apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the size of the virtual stent specifies a length and a width of the virtual stent.
5. The vascular assessment apparatus of claim 1 , wherein (a) to (j) are performed during a first imaging session.
6. The vascular assessment apparatus of claim 5 , wherein (a) to (f) are repeated for a second imaging session where second medical images of the coronary vessel tree of the subject are received from the medical imaging device after a stent has been implanted into the subject at the lesion location.
7. The vascular assessment apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the predicted changes to the FFR values from the first imaging session are displayed in relation to the FFR values from the second imaging session.
8. The vascular assessment apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the display of the predicted changes to the FFR values from the first imaging session in relation to the FFR values from the second imaging session is indicative as to whether at least one of:
the stent was appropriately placed at the lesion location, or
another stent is advisable at another lesion location.
9. The vascular assessment apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising stored non-transitory computer-readable instructions, which when executed, cause the processor to determine the normalized resistances using the vascular normalization of at least one of the first model or the second model and at least one of a hyperemic normal blood flow, a blood volume, or a blood pressure of the coronary vessel tree.
10. The vascular assessment apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising stored non-transitory computer-readable instructions, which when executed, cause the processor to predict the changes to the FFR values by:
calculating an expanded volume of the first model at the lesion location based on the size of the virtual stent;
determining adjusted resistances to the blood flow based on the expanded volume of the first model;
performing a vascular normalization of at least one of the first model with the expanded volume or the second model with the adjusted resistances to determine normalized adjusted resistances to the blood flow; and
determining adjusted FFR values for the locations along the first model based on ratios of the adjusted resistances to the normalized adjusted resistances at the same locations.
11. The vascular assessment apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the medical images include two-dimensional projected images of the coronary vessel tree recorded at different projection angles.
12. A vascular assessment apparatus comprising:
a processor; and
a memory storing a three-dimensional first model created from medical images of a coronary vessel tree of a subject and a second model indicative of resistances to blood flow within the coronary vessel tree of the first model, the memory additionally storing non-transitory computer-readable instructions, which when executed, cause the processor to:
(a) perform a vascular normalization of at least one of the first model or the second model to determine normalized resistances to the blood flow,
(b) determine fractional flow reserve (“FFR”) values for locations along the first model based on ratios of the resistances specified in the second model to the normalized resistances at the same locations,
(c) display the FFR values within the first model,
(d) receive an indication of a virtual stent placement on the first model at a lesion location,
(e) increase a volume of the first model at the lesion location based on a size of the virtual stent,
(f) predict changes to the FFR values based on the increased volume of the first model, and
(g) display the predicted changes to the FFR values in relation to the first model.
13. The vascular assessment apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the medical images include at least one of computerized tomography (CT) images or angiographic images.
14. The vascular assessment apparatus of claim 12 , further comprising a user interface communicatively coupled to the processor,
wherein the indication of the virtual stent placement is received via the user interface from an operator viewing at least one of the first model, the second model, or the medical images.
15. The vascular assessment apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the three-dimensional first model is indicative of volumetric dimensions of the coronary vessel tree and the second model includes a one-dimensional model.
16. The vascular assessment apparatus of claim 12 , further comprising stored non-transitory computer-readable instructions, which when executed, cause the processor to:
before (g), determine the lesion location within the coronary vessel tree based on at least one of (i) the resistances to the blood flow of the second model, (ii) a received indication of the lesion location, or (iii) the FFR values; and
display the lesion location within the first model in conjunction with the FFR values.
17. The vascular assessment apparatus of claim 16 , further comprising stored non-transitory computer-readable instructions, which when executed, cause the processor to:
determine a stent size based on the determined lesion location and a diameter or width of the first model at the determined lesion location; and
provide a recommendation for at least one stent or a percutaneous coronary intervention (“PCI”) based on the determined stent size.
18. The vascular assessment apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the size of the virtual stent specifies a length and a width of the virtual stent.
19. The vascular assessment apparatus of claim 12 , wherein (a) to (g) are performed during a first imaging session,
wherein (a) to (c) are repeated for a second imaging session where second medical images of the coronary vessel tree of the subject are acquired for creating adjusted first and second models after a stent has been implanted into the subject at the lesion location, and
wherein the predicted changes to the FFR values from the first imaging session are displayed in relation to the FFR values from the second imaging session.
20. The vascular assessment apparatus of claim 19 , wherein the display of the predicted changes to the FFR values from the first imaging session in relation to the FFR values from the second imaging session is indicative as to whether at least one of:
the stent was appropriately placed at the lesion location, or
another stent is advisable at another lesion location.