Polymeric material with a multimodal pore size distribution
A polymeric material having a multimodal pore size distribution is provided. The material is formed by applying a stress to a thermoplastic composition that contains first and second inclusion additives dispersed within a continuous phase that includes a matrix polymer. Through the use of particular types of inclusion additives and careful control over the manner in which such additives are dispersed within the polymer matrix, the present inventors have discovered that a unique, multimodal porous structure can be achieved.
1. A porous polymeric material that contains a thermoplastic composition, the thermoplastic composition including
a continuous phase including a matrix polymer having a glass transition temperature of about 0° C. or more,
a first inclusion additive and second inclusion additive dispersed in the continuous phase in the form of discrete first domains and discrete second domains, respectively,
a third inclusion additive that is dispersed within the continuous phase in the form of discrete third domains, and
an interphase modifier having a viscosity of about 0.7 to about 200 centistokes at 40° C.;
wherein the first inclusion additive is polymeric and is present in the thermoplastic composition in an amount of from about 1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % based on the weight of the thermoplastic composition, and
wherein the second inclusion additive is polymeric, and is present in the thermoplastic composition in an amount of from about 0.01 wt. % to about 15 wt. % based on the weight of the thermoplastic composition,
wherein a plurality of micropores are formed at and/or around the first domains that have an average cross-sectional dimension of from about 1 to about 30 micrometers,
wherein a plurality of nanopores comprises a plurality of first nanopores formed at and/or around the second domains, wherein the plurality of first nanopores have an average cross-sectional dimension of from about 50 to about 500 nanometers, and
wherein the plurality of micropores and the plurality of nanopores form a porous network, wherein the total pore volume of the polymeric material is from about 15% to about 80% per cm 3 and wherein the plurality of nanopores constitutes from about 40 vol. % to about 99 vol. % of the total pore volume,
wherein the polymeric material is a drawn polymeric material that has a density of about 0.8 g/cm 3 or less.
2. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the first nanopores have an average cross-sectional dimension of from about 60 to about 450 nanometers.
3. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the micropores have an average cross-sectional dimension of from about 2 to about 20 micrometers.
4. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the first domains have an average cross-sectional dimension of from about 0.05 to about 50 micrometers.
5. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the second domains have an average cross-sectional dimension of from about 50 to about 500 nanometers.
6. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of nanopores further comprises a plurality of second nanopores that are formed at and/or around the second domains.
7. The porous polymeric material of claim 6 , wherein the second nanopores have an average cross-sectional dimension of from about 1 to about 50 nanometers.
8. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the total pore volume of the polymeric material is from about 20% to about 70% per cm 3 .
9. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric material has a density of about 0.2 g/cm 3 to about 0.8 g/cm 3 .
10. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the continuous phase constitutes from about 60 wt. % to about 99 wt. % of the thermoplastic composition, the first inclusion additive constitutes from about 1 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of the composition based on the weight of the continuous phase, and the second inclusion additive constitutes from about 0.05 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of the composition based on the weight of the continuous phase.
11. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the matrix polymer includes a polyester or polyolefin.
12. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the matrix polymer has a glass transition temperature of from about 5° C. to about 100° C.
13. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the first inclusion additive is a polyolefin.
14. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the second inclusion additive is a polyepoxide.
15. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the third domains have an average cross-sectional dimension of from about 1 to about 50 nanometers.
16. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of nanopores further comprises a plurality of third nanopores formed at and/or around the third domains that have an average cross-sectional dimension of from about 1 to about 50 nanometers.
17. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the third inclusion additive includes a nanoclay.
18. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the third inclusion additive constitutes from about 0.05 wt. % to about 20 wt. %, based on the weight of the continuous phase.
19. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic composition further comprises a compatibilizer.
20. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the micropores are elongated and the first nanopores are spherical.
21. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the porous network is distributed in a homogeneous fashion throughout the material.
22. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the micropores and/or the first nanopores are distributed in parallel columns.
23. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic composition is free of blowing agents.
24. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic composition is a solid state mechanically drawn thermoplastic composition.
25. The porous polymeric material of claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic composition is drawn at a drawing temperature below the glass transition temperature of the matrix polymer and/or of the first inclusion additive.
26. A method of forming the porous polymeric material of claim 1 , the method comprising drawing the thermoplastic composition while in a solid state to form the porous network.
27. The method of claim 26 , wherein the thermoplastic composition is drawn at a temperature of from about −50° C. to about 50° C.
28. The method of claim 26 , wherein the thermoplastic composition is drawn at a temperature that is at least about 10° C. below the glass transition temperature of the matrix polymer and/or the first inclusion additive.
29. The method of claim 26 , wherein the thermoplastic composition is mechanically drawn.