Fiducial marker for computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging
Disclosed herein are fiducial markers that include a sealed casing member containing a mixture of iodine and water that includes about 1-300 mg/ml iodine. The fiducial markers may be distinguishable on at least two imaging modalities, such as CT and MRI. The casing member may include a plastic or elastomeric material, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polypropylene, latex, nylon, dynaflex, and may take the form of a length of IV tubing sealed at each of two ends. The length of IV tubing may be crimped to form a desired shape, such as a triangle. Also disclosed are methods of making fiducial markers that are distinguishable on at least two imaging modalities, such as CT and MRI.
1. A fiducial marker comprising:
a single sealed casing member that forms a closed shape with an opening to indicate a region of interest, the single sealed casing member filled with a solution consisting of a nonionic iodinated contrast agent and water at a concentration of 30-60 mg/ml iodine; wherein the solution is distinguishable on both MRI and CT, and wherein the single sealed casing member is the only sealed casing member of the fiducial marker; and
a positional indicator that is offset from a center of the opening of the single sealed casing member and distinguishable on both the MRI and CT imaging modalities to identify an orientation of the fiducial marker in both the MRI and CT imaging modalities, wherein the positional indicator is a crimp, physical compression, constriction, extension, augmentation, fold, ridge, crease, or wrinkle in the sealed casing member, or is coupled to the sealed casing member.
2. The fiducial marker of claim 1 , wherein the solution consisting of the nonionic iodinated contrast agent and water comprises 30 mg/ml iodine.
3. The fiducial marker of claim 1 , wherein the single sealed casing member comprises a plastic or elastomeric material.
4. The fiducial marker of claim 3 , wherein the plastic or elastomeric material includes polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polypropylene, latex, nylon, or dynaflex.
5. The fiducial marker of claim 3 , wherein the plastic or elastomeric material comprises a length of IV tubing sealed at each of two ends.
6. The fiducial marker of claim 5 , wherein the IV tubing is crimped to form the closed shape.
7. The fiducial marker of claim 6 , wherein the closed shape is a triangle.
8. A method of making a fiducial marker, comprising:
filling a single casing member with a solution consisting of a nonionic iodinated contrast agent and water at a concentration of 30-60 mg/ml iodine;
sealing the single casing member, wherein the single sealed casing member is the only sealed casing member of the fiducial marker;
forming the single sealed casing member into a closed shape with an opening to indicate a region of interest; and
providing the fiducial marker with a positional indicator configured to identify the orientation of the fiducial marker in both MRI and CT imaging modalities, wherein the positional indicator is a crimp, physical compression, constriction, extension, augmentation, fold, ridge, crease, or wrinkle in the sealed casing member, or is coupled to the sealed casing member.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein filling the single casing member with the solution consisting of the iodinated contrast agent and water comprises filling the single casing member with the solution comprising a concentration of 30 mg/ml iodine.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the nonionic iodinated contrast agent is iopromide or iohexol.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the nonionic iodinated contrast agent is iopamidol.
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein the single casing member comprises a plastic or elastomeric material.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the plastic or elastomeric material includes polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polypropylene, latex, nylon, or dynaflex.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the plastic or elastomeric material comprises a length of IV tubing sealed at each of two ends.
15. The fiducial marker of claim 1 , wherein the nonionic iodinated contrast agent is iopamidol.
16. The fiducial marker of claim 1 , wherein the nonionic iodinated contrast agent is iopromide or iohexol.