Photonic device

1. A photonic device comprising: an optical waveguide, and a modulating element that is evanescently coupled to the waveguide; wherein the modulating element modifies a transmission, reflection or absorption characteristic of the waveguide dependant on its state, and the photonic device comprises an electrical conductor configured to switch the state of the modulating element using an electrical signal that heats the modulating element;

wherein the electrical conductor comprises a resistor in thermal contact with the modulating element, so that the modulating element is switchable by passing the electrical signal through the resistor, and heating the modulating element primarily by conduction.

2. An optical system, comprising:

the photonic device of claim 1 ,

a light source coupled to the waveguide for providing the switching signal; and

a controller operable to modify the transmission, reflection or absorption characteristic of the waveguide by operating the light source to produce the switching signal.

3. The photonic device of claim 1 , wherein the modulating element comprises a phase change material such as a phase change superlattice material.

4. The photonic device of claim 1 , wherein the modulating element comprises a plurality of stable solid states, each corresponding with a different transmission, reflection or absorption characteristic of the waveguide.

5. The photonic device of claim 1 , wherein the modulating element comprises a material comprising a compound or alloy of a combination of elements selected from the following list of combinations: GeSbTe, GeSbSeTe, VOx, NbOx, GeTe, GeSb, GaSb, AgInSbTe, InSb, InSbTe, InSe, SbTe, TeGeSbS, AgSbSe, SbSe, SbS, GeSbMnSn, AgSbTe, AuSbTe, and AlSb.

6. The photonic device of claim 1 , wherein a core material of the waveguide has an optical bandgap of at least 1 eV.

7. The photonic device of claim 1 , wherein the modulating material has a thickness of less than 100 nm.

8. The photonic device of claim 1 , wherein the waveguide comprises an optical resonator, the modulating element being evanescently coupled to the optical resonator.

9. The photonic device of claim 8 , wherein the waveguide comprises a plurality of optical resonators or cavities, each having a different resonant frequency, the photonic device comprising a modulating element evanescently coupled to each optical resonator, wherein the transmission, reflection or absorption properties of the waveguide at each of a plurality of wavelengths is independently modified depending on the state of the respective modulating element coupled to the resonator corresponding with the respective wavelength, the state of each modulating element being switchable by an optical switching signal carried by the waveguide.

10. The photonic device of claim 1 , wherein the waveguide is a coupling waveguide, and further comprising a first and second waveguide, the coupling waveguide optically coupling the first waveguide to the second waveguide, the degree of coupling depending on the state of the modulating element.

11. The photonic device of claim 10 , wherein the optical resonator comprises a ring resonator.

12. A Mach-Zehnder interferometer that splits an input signal received at an input port between a first and second optical path, and then recombines the input signal after it has passed through the first and second optical path, wherein at least one of the first and second path comprise the photonic device according to claim 1 and the transmission, reflection or absorption property is an optical path length.

13. A tunable grating comprising the photonic device according to claim 1 , wherein the grating is defined by a plurality of modulating elements disposed side-by-side on the waveguide.

14. An optical filter comprising the photonic device according to claim 1 .

15. An optical switch comprising the photonic device according to claim 1 .

16. A switching fabric comprising: a plurality of horizontal waveguides, and a plurality of vertical waveguides, and the photonic device according to claim 1 optically coupling each horizontal waveguide to each vertical waveguide at each respective intersection therebetween.

17. A method of varying the transmission, reflection or absorption properties of a device comprising an optical waveguide, comprising changing a state of a modulating element that is evanescently coupled to the waveguide using an electrical conductor configured to switch the state of the modulating element using an electrical signal that heats the modulating element, wherein the electrical conductor comprises a resistor in thermal contact with the modulating element, so that the modulating element is switchable by passing the electrical signal through the resistor and heating the modulating element primarily by conduction.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the modulating element comprises a phase change material, and changing the state of the modulating element comprises changing the degree to which the phase change material is amorphous or crystalline.