Proppant and a viscosified fracture fluid for use in fracturing to extract oil and gas
Provided is an enzyme immobilized on an enzyme. Also provided is a viscosified fracture fluid 1 formed by combining a solid proppant, a binding agent and an enzyme to form a proppant-immobilized enzyme 2 , mixing the proppant-immobilized enzyme 2 with a second proppant 3 to form a heterogeneous proppant pack 4 and mixing said heterogeneous proppant pack 4 with a gelled liquid fracturing fluid 5 to form a viscosified fracture fluid 1 containing the heterogeneous proppant pack 4 . The viscosified fracture fluid 1 containing the heterogeneous proppant pack 4 is pumped 6 into a subterranean zone 7 to form one or more fractures 8 therein. The proppant-immobilized enzyme 2 that is part of the heterogeneous proppant pack 4 has the dual purpose of propping open the subterranean fractures 8 and reducing the viscosity of the viscosified fracture fluid 1.
1. A viscosified fracture fluid formed from:
a proppant immobilized enzyme configured for improving flow of liquids and gases from a subterranean hydraulic fracture propped open by the proppant immobilized enzyme comprising a proppant, a viscosity-reducing enzyme, and a binding agent binding the viscosity-reducing enzyme to the proppant, wherein the binding agent comprises a crosslinker and the proppant immobilized enzyme is configured so that the viscosity-reducing enzyme remains immobilized on the proppant in a subterranean zone being propped open by the proppant immobilized enzyme;
a liquid fracturing fluid; and
a gelling agent or viscosifier.
2. The viscosified fracture fluid according to claim 1 , further comprising a second proppant.
3. The viscosified fracture fluid according to claim 1 , formed by mixing said proppant immobilized enzyme with a second proppant to form a heterogeneous proppant pack; and mixing said heterogeneous proppant pack with a gelled liquid fracturing fluid to form a viscosified fracture fluid containing the heterogeneous proppant pack.
4. The viscosified fracture fluid according to claim 1 , wherein a rate of hydrolysis of the liquid fracturing fluid by the proppant-immobilized enzyme is between 10% and 25% of that of the viscosity-reducing enzyme from which the proppant-immobilized enzyme is derived.
5. The viscosified fracture fluid according to claim 1 , wherein a half-life of the proppant-immobilized enzyme is equivalent to a half life of the viscosity-reducing enzyme from which the proppant-immobilized enzyme is derived.
6. The viscosified fracture fluid according to claim 1 , wherein a rate of hydrolysis of the liquid fracturing fluid by the proppant-immobilized enzyme is between 26% and 50% of that of the viscosity-reducing enzyme from which the proppant-immobilized enzyme is derived.
7. The viscosified fracture fluid according to claim 1 , wherein the rate of hydrolysis of the liquid fracturing fluid by the proppant-immobilized enzyme is over 100% of that of the viscosity-reducing enzyme from which the proppant-immobilized enzyme is derived.
8. The viscosified fracture fluid according to claim 1 , wherein a half-life of the proppant-immobilized enzyme is 1.1-fold to 2-fold greater than a half life of the viscosity-reducing enzyme from which the proppant-immobilized enzyme is derived.
9. The viscosified fracture fluid according to claim 1 , wherein a half-life of the proppant-immobilized enzyme is between 1.5 times and 5 times a half-life of the viscosity-reducing enzyme.