Phononic materials used to control flow behavior
A phononic material and a method of using a phononic material for use in interacting with a fluid or solid flow are provided. The phononic material includes an interface surface and a subsurface feature. The interface surface is adapted to move in response to a pressure associated with at least one wave in a flow exerted on the interface surface. The subsurface feature extends from the interface surface. The subsurface feature comprises a phononic crystal or locally resonant metamaterial adapted to receive the at least one wave having the at least one frequency based upon the pressure from the flow via the interface surface and alter the phase of the at least one wave. The interface surface is adapted to vibrate at a frequency, phase and amplitude in response to the manipulated/altered phase of the at least one wave.
1. A method of controlling a flow comprising:
providing an interface surface juxtaposed to the flow;
receiving a pressure associated with at least one wave having at least one frequency in the flow exerted on the interface surface;
receiving the at least one wave via a subsurface feature extending from the interface surface, the subsurface feature comprising a phononic crystal or locally resonant metamaterial;
altering a phase of the at least one wave via the subsurface feature; and
vibrating the interface surface at a frequency, phase and amplitude in response to the altered phase of the at least one wave.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the method comprises affecting the flow.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the operation of affecting the flow comprises at least one of the group comprising: accelerating or delaying a transition from laminar to turbulent flow in the flow, controlling a turbulent or laminar condition of the flow, attenuating or increasing an amplitude of a wave in the flow, affecting a phasing of a wave structure of the flow, affecting a fluid or solid component of the flow, attenuating or increasing heat transfer rates between the solid and fluid in a flow regime, attenuating or increasing flutter vibration amplitudes of a vehicle surface due to the flow, and altering heat transfer within the flow by changing flow characteristics.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein a flow regime of the flow comprises one or more of the group comprising: laminar, turbulent, transitions, high speed, low speed, supersonic and hypersonic flows.
5. The method of claim 2 wherein the flow comprises one of an internal flow and an external flow.
6. The method of claim 2 wherein the operation of affecting the flow comprises attenuating or increasing an amplitude of at least one wave in a flow.
7. The method of claim 2 wherein the operation of affecting the flow comprises affecting a phasing of a plurality of interacting waves of the flow.
8. The method of claim 2 wherein the operation of affecting the flow comprises reducing the skin friction drag on the surface interface surface with the flow.
9. The method of claim 2 wherein the operation of affecting the flow comprises stabilizing the at least one wave at the surface at supersonic or hypersonic speeds to reduce skin friction drag.
10. The method of claim 2 wherein the operation of affecting the flow comprises stabilizing the at least one wave at the interface surface at supersonic or hypersonic speeds to reduce subsequent temperature increase at the surface.
11. The method of claim 2 wherein the vibration of the interface surface is adapted to alter at least one of a velocity field and a pressure field of the flow near the interface surface.
12. The method of claim 2 wherein the fluid-structure interaction through the interface takes place over numerous cycles or temporal periods.
13. The method of claim 2 wherein the phononic crystal or locally resonant elastic metamaterial is adapted to create a band structure.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the band structure comprises a stop band and the operation of affecting the flow comprises providing at least one of a truncation resonance, a stop band, and a pass band.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein interface motion at stop band frequencies corresponding to negative performance metric values interact with the wave of the flow by attenuating an amplitude of the wave.
16. The method of claim 2 wherein the interface surface comprises at least one of the group comprising:
is disposed juxtaposed a flow surface;
is disposed at a flow surface or behind a flow surface and is adapted to passively or actively interact with a flow;
is integrated with a flow surface; and
is disposed adjacent to a flow surface not influenced by the subsurface feature.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein the interface surface is disposed adjacent to the flow.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein a flow surface is disposed between the interface surface and the flow.
19. The method of claim 1 wherein the phononic crystal or locally resonant elastic metamaterial is adapted to interact with the flow via coupling or hybridizing with a wave of the flow.
20. The method of claim 1 wherein the method comprises altering at least one wave in a flow exerted on the surface at supersonic or hypersonic speeds by reducing at least one of skin friction drag and heat generation.
21. The method of claim 1 wherein the subsurface feature comprises a lattice subsurface feature.