Solid-state electrodes with non-carbon electronic conductive additives
Individual electrodes for a solid-state lithium-ion battery cell may be formed, for example, by elevated temperature consolidation in air of a mixture of resin-bonded, electrode active material particles, oxide solid electrolyte particles, and particles of a non-carbon electronic conductive additive. Depending on the selected compositions of the electrode materials and the solid electrolyte, one or both of the cathode and anode layer members may be formed to include the non-carbon electronic conductive additive. The battery cell is assembled with the solid-state electrodes placed on opposite sides of a consolidated layer of oxide electrolyte particles. The electronic conductivity of at least one of the cathode and anode is increased by the incorporation of particles of a selected non-carbon electronic conducive additive with the respective electrode particles.
1. A solid-state electrode for a lithium-ion battery cell in which a solid-state anode layer is placed against a surface of an oxide solid-state electrolyte layer and a solid-state cathode layer is placed against the opposing surface of the oxide solid-state electrolyte layer, each of the solid-state anode layer and the solid-state cathode layer having a current collector attached to their sides opposite to the oxide solid-state electrolyte layer, the oxide solid-state electrolyte layer consisting essentially of an oxide, phosphate, or silicate of lithium and at least one other metal element, the oxide solid-state electrolyte being conductive of lithium cations and compatible anions in the discharging and re-charging of the lithium-ion battery cell, the solid-state electrode comprising:
a densified prepared mixture of particles of a lithium-ion-accepting and lithium-ion-releasing electrode composition, particles of the oxide solid-state electrolyte layer composition, particles of a non-carbon electronic conductive additive selected from the group consisting of: Ge 2 O 3 , RuO 2 , SnO 2 , Ti 2 O 3 , ZnO, YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 , La 0.75 Ca 0.25 MnO 3 , silicon carbide, molybdenum silicide, cobalt sulfide, silver, gold, copper, palladium, platinum, and combinations thereof, the particles of the non-carbon electronic conductive additive being of a composition selected to increase electronic conductivity within the solid-state electrode layer and to and from its current collector, the particles of the non-carbon conductive additive are coated on at least one of the particles of a lithium-ion-accepting and lithium-ion-releasing electrode composition and the particles of the oxide solid-state electrolyte composition, and free particles of the non-carbon electronic conductive additives.
2. A solid-state electrode for a lithium-ion battery cell as stated in claim 1 in which each of the solid-state cathode layer and the solid-state anode layer of the lithium-ion battery cell contain a non-carbon-containing, electronic-conductive compound as a component of their respective electrode compositions, each in a proportion for increasing the electronic conductivity of their respective electrode compositions.
3. A solid-state electrode for a lithium-ion battery cell as stated in claim 1 in which the densified prepared mixture of particles contains up to fifty percent by weight of the particles of the non-carbon electronic conductive additive composition and the characterizing dimensions of the particles of the particles of the non-carbon electronic conductive additive composition are five micrometers or smaller.
4. A solid-state electrode for a lithium-ion battery cell as stated in claim 1 in which the composition of the oxide compound solid electrolyte material component of the solid-state electrode layer is substantially the same as the composition of the layer of solid electrolyte material.
5. A solid-state electrode for a lithium-ion battery cell as stated in claim 1 in which the composition of the oxide solid-state electrolyte consists essentially of one or more of the following compounds;
(a) Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , Li 5 La 3 M 2 O 12 (M=Nb or Ta) with garnet-type crystal structures;
(b) Li 14 Zn(GeO 4 ) 4 and Li 3+x (P 1−x Si x )O 4 ;
(c) Li 1+x Al x Ge 2−x (PO 4 ) 3 (LAGP) and Li 1+x Ti 2−x Al x (PO 4 ) 3 (LTAP), LiTi 0.5 Zr 1.5 (PO 4 ) 3 ; and
(d) Li 3.3 La 0.56 TiO 3 , Li 3x La 2/3−x TiO 3 , Li 0.5 M 0.5 TiO 3 (M=Sm, Nd, Pr, and La).
6. A solid-state electrode for a lithium-ion battery cell as stated in claim 1 in which the composition of the solid-state cathode electrode material consists essentially of one or more of the following compounds:
(a) rock salt-type layered oxides including LiCoO 2 , LiNi x Mn y Co 1−x−y O 2 , and LiNi x Mn 1−x O 2 Li 1+x MO 2 ;
(b) LiMn 2 O 4 and LiNi x Mn 2−x O 4 with spinel-type crystal structures; and
(c) polyanion cathode compounds including LiV 2 (PO 4 ) 3 and LiFeSiO 4 .
7. A solid-state electrode for a lithium-ion battery cell as stated in claim 1 in which the composition of the anode material consists essentially of one or more of the following compounds:
(a) lithium titanium oxide, e.g. Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ;
(b) Li metal and Li alloys;
(c) Si and silicon-alloys; and
(d) graphite, graphene.
8. A lithium-ion battery cell comprising:
a solid-state cathode layer formed of a thermally-compacted mixture of particles of a lithium-containing and oxygen-containing compound of lithium-ion battery active cathode material and an oxide compound solid electrolyte material, one side of the solid-state cathode layer being attached to a current collector and the second side of the solid-state cathode layer lying against a first side of a layer of oxygen-containing, solid-state electrolyte material;
a solid-state anode layer formed of a thermally-compacted mixture of lithium-ion battery active anode material and an oxide compound solid electrolyte material, one side of the solid-state anode layer being attached to a current collector and the second side of the solid-state anode layer lying against the second side of the layer of oxygen-containing, solid-state electrolyte material,
the layer of solid-state electrolyte material consisting essentially of compacted particles of one or more lithium-containing and oxygen-containing compounds conductive of lithium ions in the operation of the lithium-ion battery cell; and
at last one of the solid-state cathode layer and the solid-state anode layer containing a non-carbon-containing, electronic conductive compound as a component of the compositions of their respective electrode layers in a proportion of the overall electrode composition or compositions for increasing the electronic conductivity of the solid-state cathode layer and/or the solid-state anode layer, wherein the non-carbon-containing, electronic conductive compound is selected from the group consisting of: Ge 2 O 3 , RuO 2 , SnO 2 , Ti 2 O 3 , ZnO, YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 , La 0.75 Ca 0.25 MnO 3 , silicon carbide, molybdenum silicide, cobalt sulfide, silver, gold, copper, palladium, platinum, and combinations thereof, and wherein the non-carbon-containing, electronic conductive compound is coated on at least one of the particles of a lithium-containing and oxygen-containing compound of lithium-ion battery active cathode material, the lithium-ion battery active anode material, and the oxide compound solid electrolyte material and free particles of the non-carbon-containing, electronic conductive compound is mixed with the particles of a lithium-containing and oygen-containing compound of lithium-ion battery active cathode material, the lithium-ion battery active anode material, and the oxide compound solid electrolyte material and the at least one of the particles of a lithium-containing and oxygen-containing compound of lithium-ion battery active cathode material, the lithium-ion battery active anode material, and the oxide compound solid electrolyte material coated with the non-carbon-containing, electornic conductive compound.
9. A lithium-ion battery cell as stated in claim 8 in which each of the solid-state cathode layer and the solid-state anode layer of the lithium-ion battery cell contain a non-carbon-containing, electronic conductive compound as a component of their respective electrode compositions, each in a proportion for increasing the electronic conductivity of their respective electrode compositions.
10. A lithium-ion battery cell as stated in claim 8 in which only the solid-state cathode layer of the lithium-ion battery cell is formed with a non-carbon-containing, electronic conductive compound as a component of its cathode composition in a proportion of the cathode composition for increasing the electronic conductivity of the solid-state cathode layer.
11. A lithium-ion battery cell as stated in claim 8 in which only the solid-state anode layer of the lithium-ion battery cell is formed with a non-carbon-containing, electronic conductive compound as a component of its anode composition in a proportion of the anode composition for increasing the electronic conductivity of the solid-state anode layer.
12. A lithium-ion battery cell as stated in claim 8 in which the particles of the non-carbon electronic conductive additive composition constitute up to fifty percent-by-weight of the composition of at least one of the anode layer and the cathode layer, and the characterizing dimensions of the particles of the non-carbon electronic conductive additive composition are five micrometers or smaller.
13. A lithium-ion battery cell as stated in claim 8 in which the composition of the oxide compound solid electrolyte material component of each of the solid-state cathode layer and the solid-state anode layer is substantially the same as the composition of the layer of solid electrolyte material.
14. A lithium-ion battery cell as stated in claim 8 in which the composition of the solid-state electrolyte consists essentially of one or more of the following compounds;
(a) Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , Li 5 La 3 M 2 O 12 (M=Nb or Ta) with garnet-type crystal structures;
(b) Li 14 Zn(GeO 4 ) 4 and Li 3+x (P 1−x Si x )O 4 ;
(c) Li 1+x Al x Ge 2−x (PO 4 ) 3 (LAGP) and Li 1+x Ti 2−x Al x (PO 4 ) 3 (LTAP), LiTi 0.5 Zr 1.5 (PO 4 ) 3 ; and
(d) Li 3.3 La 0.56 TiO 3 , Li 3x La 2/3−x TiO 3 , Li 0.5 M 0.5 TiO 3 (M=Sm, Nd, Pr, and La).
15. A lithium-ion battery cell as stated in claim 8 in which the composition of the cathode material consists essentially of one or more of the following compounds:
(a) rock salt-type layered oxides including LiCoO 2 , LiNi x Mn y Co 1−x−y O 2 , and LiNi x Mn 1−x O 2 Li 1+x MO 2 ;
(b) LiMn 2 O 4 and LiNi x Mn 2−x O 4 with spinel-type crystal structures; and
(c) polyanion cathode compounds including LiV 2 (PO 4 ) 3 and LiFeSiO 4 .
16. A lithium-ion battery cell as stated in claim 8 in which the composition of the anode material consists essentially of one or more of the following compounds:
(a) Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ;
(b) Li metal and Li alloys;
(c) Si and Silicon-alloys; and
(d) Graphite, graphene.
17. A lithium-ion battery cell as stated in claim 16 in which the composition of the anode material includes graphite or graphene and only the solid-state cathode layer of the lithium-ion battery cell is formed with a non-carbon-containing, electronic conductive compound as a component of its cathode composition in a proportion of the cathode composition for increasing the electronic conductivity of the solid-state cathode layer.