Europium based metal organic framework for palladium sensing
A method of detecting Pd 2+ in an aqueous solution is described. The method involves mixing an Eu-based metal organic framework with the aqueous solution and measuring the amount of fluorescence quenching. The fluorescence quenching is specific to Pd 2+ and also allows a 44 ppb detection limit of Pd 2+ . The Eu-based metal organic framework may be treated with a metal chelator and reused for sensitive detection of Pd 2+ .
1. A method of detecting Pd 2+ in an aqueous solution, the method comprising:
mixing an Eu-based metal organic framework (Eu-MOF) with the aqueous solution to form a solution mixture, wherein the Eu-MOF comprises:
Eu 3+ ion clusters, each Eu 3+ ion cluster comprising two Eu 3+ ions,
wherein each Eu 3+ ion cluster is coordinated with a total of 6 linkers, and
wherein each linker has a dicarboxylic acid and two alkene groups;
measuring a fluorescence emission intensity of the solution mixture while irradiating the solution mixture with a wavelength in a range of 320-350 nm; and
comparing the fluorescence emission intensity to a second fluorescence emission intensity of a substantially similar solution mixture that does not contain Pd 2+ .
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alkene groups are part of allyloxy groups.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the linker is 2,5-bis(allyloxy)terephthalic acid.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the linker is present in the Eu-MOF with a weight percent in a range of 55-75 wt %, relative to a total weight of the Eu-MOF.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein each Eu 3+ ion cluster is coordinated in a 2D layered structure.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the 2D layered structure has an interlayer spacing in a range of 3.2-3.8 Å.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Eu-MOF has an average pore size in a range of 3.5-4.5 Å.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Eu-MOF has a pore volume in a range of 0.10-0.20 cm 3 /g.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Eu-MOF has a BET surface area in a range of 200-250 cm 2 /g.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Eu-MOF has an absolute quantum yield in a range of 0.40-0.55.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Eu-MOF is present in the solution mixture at a concentration in a range of 1-100 mM.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solution mixture has a pH in a range of 6.0-10.0.
13. The method of claim 1 , having a Pd 2+ limit of detection in a range of 10-60 ppb.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solution mixture further comprises at least one metal ion selected from the group consisting of Ag + , Pb 2+ , Zn 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 3+ , K + , Co 2+ , Al 3+ , Fe 2+ , Na + , Cd 2+ , Sr 2+ , Rb + , Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , Hg 2+ , Ga 3+ , Cs + , Ca 2+ , Pt 2+ , Ir 3+ , and Rh 3+ .
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solution mixture comprises the at least one metal ion at a concentration in a range of 1-100 mM.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluorescence emission intensity of the solution mixture is measured at a wavelength in a range of 605-630 nm.
17. The method of claim 1 , further comprising removing the Eu-MOF from the solution mixture to produce a recovered Eu-MOF;
mixing the recovered Eu-MOF with a solution comprising a metal chelator to produce a chelating solution;
separating the Eu-MOF from the chelating solution to produce a renewed Eu-MOF, and
reusing the renewed Eu-MOF for the detection of Pd 2+ .
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the metal chelator is present in the chelating solution at a concentration in a range of 0.05-0.5 M.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the metal chelator is EDTA.
20. The method of claim 17 , wherein the renewed Eu-MOF is reused at least 3 times, and
wherein the renewed Eu-MOF has a fluorescence intensity that is at least 90% of the Eu-MOF fluorescence intensity before the mixing.