Electro-spark deposition of molybdenum on stainless steel and products thereof
Molybdenum is alloyed into stainless steel surface by electro-spark deposition technique. Shielding gas is used during electro-spark deposition process to minimize the oxidation of materials. Control of electro-spark voltage, frequency, capacitance, time can determine the alloying depth of Molybdenum. The alloyed surface thickness varies from 5 μm to 80 μm depending on the electro-spark deposition parameters. The alloyed surface comprises, by weight, 15 to 40% of Molybdenum, 8 to 22% of Cr, 0-15% of other alloy elements and impurities. The molybdenum alloyed stainless steel surface exhibits improvement in micro-hardness, wear resistance, and especially corrosion resistance in sodium chloride solutions. Thus, the present invention would be utilized in marine and handling of brines application, as well as in other applications which better corrosion resistance of stainless steel is desired.
1. A steel workpiece having a matrix and a surface region, said surface region being a molybdenum-rich fused surface region having a higher concentration of molybdenum by weight percent than does said matrix; said molybdenum-rich fused surface region being formed on at least part of a surface of said workpiece; said molybdenum-rich fused surface region is formed by Electro Spark Deposition; said molybdenum-rich surface region is a dual steel layer containing both an austenitic phase and a ferrite phase; said surface region is a surface layer in which molybdenum concentration exceeds 10%; and, after electro-spark alloying of molybdenum to the surface layer, 30 to 60% of the austenitic phase transforms to ferrite phase.
2. The steel workpiece of claim 1 wherein the molybdenum-rich surface region is less than 100 μm thick.
3. The steel workpiece of claim 1 wherein the molybdenum-rich surface region is more than 10 μm thick.
4. The steel workpiece of claim 1 wherein the molybdenum-rich region is about 40 μm thick.
5. The steel workpiece of claim 1 wherein said dual steel layer is made of a stainless steel having a ratio of austenite to ferrite of less than 60 austenite to 40 ferrite.
6. The steel workpiece of claim 5 wherein said ratio is about 40 austenite to 60 ferrite.
7. The steel workpiece of claim 1 wherein said ferrite phase is about 30% to 60% of said dual steel layer.
8. The steel workpiece of claim 1 wherein said molybdenum-rich surface region forms only a portion of said surface of said workpiece.
9. The steel workpiece of claim 1 wherein said workpiece is a stainless steel workpiece, and said surface region of said stainless steel workpiece is an alloy that comprises, by weight, at least one of (a) 15 to 40% of Molybdenum; and (b) 8 to 22% of Cr.
10. The steel workpiece of claim 9 wherein said workpiece comprises by weight, both of (a) and (b).
11. A process of making the workpiece of claim 1 wherein said process includes adding a compound that has a higher concentration of molybdenum than said workpiece to at least a portion of said surface by Electro Spark Deposition to form said molybdenum-rich surface region, and in which said process has an initial Electro Spark Deposition voltage in the range of 30 to 150 V.
12. The process of claim 11 wherein said process occurs at an electrical frequency in the range of 120 to 550 Hz.
13. The process of claim 11 wherein said process has a penetration depth of said molybdenum-rich surface region, and said penetration depth is in the range of 5-80 μm.
14. The process of claim 11 wherein said process occurs when said workpiece is in an ambient temperature environment.
15. The process of claim 11 wherein the process occurs in a shielding gas environment.
16. The process of claim 15 wherein the shielding gas is Argon.
17. The process of claim 11 wherein said process is applied only to a local portion of said workpiece, said workpiece is a stainless steel alloy having, by weight, (a) 15 to 40% of Molybdenum; and (b) 8 to 22% of Cr; said process occurs at an electrical frequency in the range of 120 to 550 Hz; said process has a penetration depth, and said penetration depth of said molybdenum-rich surface region is in the range of 5-80 μm; said process occurs when said workpiece is in an ambient temperature environment; and said Electro Spark Deposition occurs in the presence of a shielding gas.