Synchronizing indoor radio nodes
A communication technique for synchronizing a set of radio nodes is described. In this communication technique, the radio node arbitrates (e.g., using a precision time protocol or PTP) with the other radio nodes based on a selection technique to select a synchronization master in the set of radio nodes. This synchronization master may be selected to have a predefined performance based on a type of communication environment of the set of radio nodes. For example, the type of communication environment may include overlap between at least one of the radio nodes in the set of radio nodes and a macrocell in a cellular-telephone network, or may exclude overlap between the set of radio nodes and the macrocell. Moreover, the synchronization master may specify time, frequency, and phase synchronization for the set of radio nodes. Thus, when the synchronization master is different from the radio node, the radio node synchronizes with the synchronization master.
1. A radio node, comprising:
one or more antenna nodes configured to couple to an antenna; and
an interface circuit, coupled to the one or more antenna nodes, configured to communicate with other radio nodes in a set of radio nodes, which comprises the radio node, in a cellular-telephone network, wherein the radio node is configured to:
arbitrate with the other radio nodes based on a selection technique to select a synchronization master in the set of radio nodes,
wherein the arbitration comprises exchanging: communication-performance information with the other radio nodes, or votes for one or more candidate synchronization masters, or both,
wherein the exchanging comprises wired communication with the other radio nodes,
wherein given communication-performance information associated with a given radio node in the communication-performance information characterizes communication between the given radio node and a given base station, and the exchanging comprises the radio node providing at least a portion of the communication-performance information and receiving at least a remainder of the communication-performance information,
wherein the synchronization master specifies time, frequency, and phase synchronization for the set of radio nodes,
wherein, during the selection technique, the synchronization master is selected to have a given one of different predefined performances based on a type of communication environment of the set of radio nodes and the communication-performance information, the votes or both; and
wherein the type of communication environment comprises overlap between at least one of radio nodes in the set of radio nodes and a macrocell in the cellular-telephone network when, based on a network listen, a signal-to-noise ratio in the given communication-performance information is greater than a first threshold and a received signal strength indicator in the given communication-performance information is greater than a second threshold; and
when the synchronization master is different from the radio node, synchronize with the synchronization master.
2. The radio node of claim 1 , wherein the set of radio nodes is located in an indoor venue.
3. The radio node of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the radio nodes in the set of radio nodes are unable to receive signals from a global position system.
4. The radio node of claim 1 , wherein:
when there is overlap with the macrocell, the synchronization master has a smallest time to first fix (TTFF) in a subset of the set of radio nodes that receives signals from a global position system; and
when the set of radio nodes is unable to receive signals from the global position system, the synchronization master has a best signal-to-noise ratio during network listen in the set of radio nodes.
5. The radio node of claim 1 , wherein, when the set of radio nodes is isolated without overlap with the macrocell, the synchronization master detects signals from a global position system within a time interval.
6. The radio node of claim 5 , wherein:
when the set of radio nodes is isolated without overlap with the macrocell and is unable to receive signals from the global position system within the time interval, the synchronization master has an accuracy less than a threshold; and
otherwise, the synchronization master has a crystal oscillator with a best accuracy in the set of radio nodes.
7. The radio node of claim 1 , wherein, during operation, the set of radio nodes are configured to self-organize such that the set of radio nodes comprises radio nodes that have a characteristic; and
wherein the characteristic is one of: communicates using multicast communication; excludes overlap with a macrocell in the cellular-telephone network; or comprises being located in a radio-frequency neighborhood.
8. The radio node of claim 1 , wherein the radio node comprises an eNodeB.
9. The radio node of claim 1 , wherein the arbitration and the synchronization use a precision time protocol (PTP).
10. The radio node of claim 1 , wherein the synchronization master is different than one of the set of radio nodes.
11. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for use in conjunction with a radio node, the computer-readable storage medium configured to store program instructions, wherein, when executed by the radio node, the program instructions cause the radio node to perform operations comprising:
arbitrating with other radio nodes based on a selection technique to select a synchronization master in a set of radio nodes, which comprises the radio node, in a cellular-telephone network,
wherein the arbitration comprises exchanging: communication-performance information with the other radio nodes, votes for one or more candidate synchronization masters, or both,
wherein the exchanging comprises wired communication with the other radio nodes,
wherein given communication-performance information associated with a given radio node in the communication-performance information characterizes communication between the given radio node and a given base station, and the exchanging comprises the radio node providing at least a portion of the communication-performance information and receiving at least a remainder of the communication-performance information,
wherein the synchronization master specifies time, frequency, and phase synchronization for the set of radio nodes,
wherein, during the selection technique, the synchronization master is selected to have a given one of different predefined performances based on a type of communication environment of the set of radio nodes and the communication-performance information, the votes or both; and
wherein the type of communication environment comprises overlap between at least one of radio nodes in the set of radio nodes and a macrocell in the cellular-telephone network when, based on a network listen, a signal-to-noise ratio in the given communication-performance information is greater than a first threshold and a received signal strength indicator in the given communication-performance information is greater than a second threshold; and
synchronizing with the synchronization master when the synchronization master is different from the radio node.
12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11 , wherein:
when there is overlap with the macrocell, the synchronization master has a smallest time to first fix in a subset of the set of radio nodes that receives signals from a global position system; and
when the set of radio nodes is unable to receive signals from the global position system, the synchronization master has a best signal-to-noise ratio during network listen in the set of radio nodes.
13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11 , wherein, when the set of radio nodes is isolated without overlap with the macrocell, the synchronization master detects signals from a global position system within a time interval.
14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 13 , wherein:
when the set of radio nodes is isolated without overlap with the macrocell and is unable to receive signals from the global position system within the time interval, the synchronization master has an accuracy less than a threshold; and
otherwise, the synchronization master has a crystal oscillator with a best accuracy in the set of radio nodes.
15. A method for synchronizing with other radio nodes in a set of radio nodes, which comprises the radio node, in a cellular-telephone network, comprising:
by a radio node:
arbitrating with the other radio nodes based on a selection technique to select a synchronization master in the set of radio nodes,
wherein the arbitration comprises exchanging: communication-performance information with the other radio nodes, votes for one or more candidate synchronization masters, or both,
wherein the exchanging comprises wired communication with the other radio nodes,
wherein given communication-performance information associated with a given radio node in the communication-performance information characterizes communication between the given radio node and a given base station, and the exchanging comprises the radio node providing at least a portion of the communication-performance information and receiving at least a remainder of the communication-performance information,
wherein the synchronization master specifies time, frequency, and phase synchronization for the set of radio nodes,
wherein, during the selection technique, the synchronization master is selected to have a given one of different predefined performances based on a type of communication environment of the set of radio nodes and the communication-performance information, the votes or both; and
wherein the type of communication environment comprises overlap between at least one of radio nodes in the set of radio nodes and a macrocell in the cellular-telephone network when, based on a network listen, a signal-to-noise ratio in the given communication-performance information is greater than a first threshold and a received signal strength indicator in the given communication-performance information is greater than a second threshold; and
synchronizing with the synchronization master when the synchronization master is different from the radio node.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the type of communication environment comprises overlap between at least one of radio nodes in the set of radio nodes and a macrocell in the cellular-telephone network.