Fuel cell electrode catalyst layer coating

1. A fuel cell comprising:

a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM);

first and second electrode catalyst layers including first and second catalyst materials, the PEM situated between the first and second electrode catalyst layers, the first electrode catalyst layer having a first surface facing away from the PEM and a second surface facing the PEM, and the second electrode catalyst layer having a first surface facing away from the PEM and a second surface facing the PEM; and

a two-dimensional layered material coated onto the first and/or second surface of the first and/or second electrode catalyst layers, the two-dimensional layered material having a number of defects, each formed by a vacancy of at least four adjacent carbon atoms in the two-dimensional layered material, and the number of defects configured to mitigate dissolution of the first and/or second catalyst materials through the first and/or second surface of the first and/or second electrode catalyst layers, the two-dimensional layer material includes: graphyne, borophene, germanene, silicone, Si 2 BN, stanine, phosphorene, bismuthene, molybdenite, a transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC), a layered transition metal carbide or carbonitride with a general formula of M n+1 X n T x , where M is a transition metal, X stands for carbon and/or nitrogen, and T x is a surface termination of ═O, —OH or —F, or a combination thereof, and the two-dimensional layered material further includes a graphene-based material.

2. The fuel cell of claim 1 , wherein the two-dimensional layered material is configured to trap the first and/or second catalyst materials within the number of defects.

3. The fuel cell of claim 2 , wherein the first and/or second catalyst materials include a Pt-M alloy, wherein M is a non-Pt metal; a platinum group metal (PGM); a PGM-M, wherein M is a non-PGM; a Pt-PGM-M, wherein PGM is a PGM other than Pt and M is a non-PGM; or a combination thereof.

4. The fuel cell of claim 1 , wherein the graphene-based material includes one or more oxygen-based functional groups.

5. The fuel cell of claim 1 , wherein the number of defects includes a number of quad-vacancy (QV) defects formed by a vacancy of four adjacent carbon atoms in the graphene-based material.

6. The fuel cell of claim 1 , wherein the number of defects includes a number of smaller defects formed by a vacancy of three or less adjacent carbon atoms.

7. The fuel cell of claim 1 , wherein the number of defects includes a number of larger defects formed by a vacancy of five or more adjacent carbon atoms.

8. The fuel cell of claim 1 , wherein the graphene-based material includes one or more hydrogenated groups and/or one or more oxygenated groups.

9. The fuel cell of claim 8 , wherein the one or more oxygenated groups include —O—, ═O, —OH, and/or —COOH groups.

10. A fuel cell comprising:

a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM);

first and second electrode catalyst layers including first and second catalyst materials, the PEM situated between the first and second electrode catalyst layers, the first electrode catalyst layer having a first surface facing away from the PEM and a second surface facing the PEM, and the second electrode catalyst layer having a first surface facing away from the PEM and a second surface facing the PEM; and

a graphene-based material coated onto the first and/or second surface of the first and/or second electrode catalyst layers, the graphene-based material having a number of defects, the number of defects including a number of quad-vacancy (QV) defects formed by a vacancy of four adjacent carbon atoms in the graphene-based material, a number of smaller defects formed by a vacancy of three or less adjacent carbon atoms and a number of larger defects formed by a vacancy of five or more adjacent carbon atoms, the number of QV defects configured to mitigate dissolution of the first and/or second catalyst materials through the first and/or second surface of the first and/or second electrode catalyst layers, the number of smaller defects configured to transport H 2 through the graphene-based material, and the number of larger defects configured to transport H 2 , O 2 and H 2 O through the graphene-based material.

11. The fuel cell of claim 10 , wherein a ratio of the number of smaller defects to the number of QV defects to the number of larger defects per unit volume is in a range of 3:5:6 to 1:1:1.

12. The fuel cell of claim 10 , wherein the graphene-based material is substantially planar to the first and/or second surface of the first and/or second electrode.

13. The fuel cell of claim 10 , wherein the graphene-based material includes one or more hydrogenated groups and/or one or more oxygenated groups.

14. The fuel cell of claim 13 , wherein the one or more oxygenated groups include —O—, ═O, —OH, and/or COOH groups.

15. The fuel cell of claim 10 , wherein the first and/or second catalyst materials include a Pt-M alloy, wherein M is a non-Pt metal; a platinum group metal (PGM), a PGM-M, wherein M is a non-PGM; a Pt-PGM-M, wherein PGM is a PGM other than Pt and M is a non-PGM; or a combination thereof.

16. The fuel cell of claim 10 , wherein the graphene-based material includes graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxides or a combination thereof.

17. The fuel cell of claim 10 , wherein the graphene-based material is configured to trap the first and/or second catalyst materials within the number of defects.

18. The fuel cell of claim 10 , wherein the graphene-based material includes one or more oxygen-based functional groups.

19. The fuel cell of claim 10 , wherein the graphene-based material includes a graphene sheet having a number of graphene layers in a range of 1 to 15.

20. The fuel cell of claim 10 , wherein the graphene-based material includes a graphene sheet having a number of graphene layers in a range of 1 to 10.