Compositions and methods
A method of determining whether an individual is infected with a mycobacterial disease, the method comprising: (a) providing a system which comprises an antigen; (b) contacting the system with a sample obtained from the individual; and (c) detecting the presence or absence of binding of a biomarker in the sample with the antigen; wherein the antigen is an arabinose ester of a mycolic acid or an analogue thereof.
1. A method of determining whether an individual is infected with a mycobacterial disease, the method comprising:
(a) providing a system which comprises a synthetic antigen which is an arabinose ester of a mycolic acid of formula (III):
(M) x -(S) y -(M′) z (III)
wherein x is from 1 to 6, y is from 1 to 12, z is from 0 to 10, each M and each M′ is independently a mycolic acid moiety including a β-hydroxy acid moiety and each S is a monosaccharide unit, provided that at least one S is an arabinose unit;
(b) contacting the system with a sample obtained from the individual; and
(c) detecting the presence or absence of binding of a biomarker in the sample with the synthetic antigen, wherein the biomarker is an antibody indicative of infection with or exposure to mycobacteria and wherein step (c) involves contacting the system with a composition comprising a secondary antibody configured to interact with the biomarker, wherein either:
(i) the secondary antibody is carried by colloidal gold particles: or
(ii) the secondary antibody is bound to an enzyme, wherein the method further comprises adding a composition comprising a colorimetric substrate to the system and wherein the colorimetric substrate undergoes a color change on reaction with the enzyme, and
wherein step (c) includes detecting the presence of binding of the biomarker in the sample with the synthetic antigen when the secondary antibody interacts with the biomarker.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein steps (a), (b) and (c) are carried out in the order (a) followed by (b) followed by (c).
3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the synthetic antigen is present on a substrate in the system and/or in one or more solutions or suspensions in the system, and/or is encapsulated in the system.
4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the system comprises a substrate which carries the synthetic antigen.
5. A method according to claim 1 wherein the synthetic antigen is selected from the following classes of compounds:
(i) salts of mycolic acids;
(ii) esters of synthetically prepared mycolic acids;
(iii) sulfur-containing mycolic acids and/or salts or esters thereof; and
(iv) mycolic acid wax esters or salts thereof.
6. A method according to claim 4 , wherein step (c) involves contacting the substrate with a composition comprising colloidal gold particles wherein the colloidal gold particles carry the secondary antibody.
7. A kit for determining the presence or absence of a biomarker in a sample, the kit comprising:
a system which comprises a synthetic antigen which is an arabinose ester of a mycolic-acid of formula (III):
(M) x -(S) y -(M′) z (III)
wherein x is from 1 to 6, y is from 1 to 12, z is from 0 to 10, each M and each M′ is independently a mycolic acid moiety including a β-hydroxy acid moiety and each S is a monosaccharide unit, provided that at least one S is an arabinose unit; and
a composition comprising a secondary antibody configured to interact with the biomarker,
wherein the biomarker is an antibody indicative of infection with or exposure to mycobacteria.
8. A composition comprising at least 90 wt % of a single compound selected from compounds having the formula A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, or I: