Conductive-flake strengthened, polymer stabilized electrode composition and method of preparing
An electrode film with a high tensile strength and a low electrical resistance is fabricated by using conductive flakes to strengthen polymer stabilized particle electrode. The new compositions and low energy methods are disclosed in this invention. The method includes mixing and blending the particulate materials and fibrilltable polymers with conductive flakes into a paste, fibrillating the polymers, and extruding and rolling the paste into self-supported electrode films.
1. A method of fabricating an electrode film suitable for use as an electrode, and said method comprising the steps of;
(a) blending a composition comprising:
(i) greater than 60 percent by weight of active particles;
(ii) up to 15 percent by weight of at least one fibrillatable polymer binder;
(iii) up to 15 percent by weight of spherical conductive particles; and
(iv) up to 10 percent by weight of conductive flakes, to form a pre-fibrillated paste;
(b) extruding said paste into an extruded product; and
(c) rolling said extruded product to produce an electrode film,
wherein extruding and rolling serve to fibrillate the fibrillatable polymer binder.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the active particles are selected from a group consisting of activated carbon particles, sulfur-impregnated activated carbon particles, lithium-oxygen containing compounds, stabilized lithium metal powders, metal oxide particles, metal sulfide particles, metal nitride particles and combinations thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the particle size of said active particles ranges from 1-50 microns.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the fibrillatable polymers are selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, co-polymers, various polymer blends, natural or synthetic rubbers, polyamide, polyurethane, liquid resins, silicon, elastomeric polymers, olefinic polymers and combinations thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said conductive particles are spherical conductive particles.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the spherical conductive particles are selected from the group consisting of carbon black particles, super P carbon particles, super C65 carbon particles and combinations thereof.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the spherical conductive particles have a particle size less than 1 micron.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the conductive flakes are selected from a group consisting of metal flakes, preferably, aluminum flakes, graphite flakes, graphene, expanded graphite flakes, conductive polymer flakes and combinations thereof.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the conductive flakes have the diameter in the range of 1-40 microns.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein the thickness of said conductive flakes is in the range of 0.001 micron to 5 microns.
11. The method of claim 1 further comprising adding a liquid lubricant to said composition.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the liquid lubricant is added at a proportion of up to 5 times the weight of the other components in the composition.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the liquid lubricant is selected from the group consisting of water, high boiling point solvents, antifoaming agents, dispersion aids, pyrrolidone mineral spirits, ketones, surfactants, naphtha, acetates, alcohols, glycols, toluene, acetone, chloroform, xylene, Isopars™ and combinations thereof.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of blending is carried out in a blending machine capable of applying shear forces to the said composition.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein the steps of extruding and rolling of the fibrillated composition are carried out at room temperature.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein the steps of extruding and rolling the fibrillated composition is carried out at a temperature and pressure equivalent to the softening point of said fibrillatable polymers.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein the electrode film has a tensile strength higher than 0.04 kg/mm 2 .
18. The method of claim 1 further comprising a step of pressing the said electrode film onto a current collector to form an electrode used in energy storage devices.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the current collector is selected from the group consisting of a metal foil, an alloy foil, a metal mesh, an alloy mesh, a conductive carbon cloth, an etched metal foil and a coated metal foil.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein the metal foil, alloy foil, metal mesh, alloy mesh and etched metal foil are comprised of metals selected from the group consisting of aluminum, copper, and titanium.
21. The method of claim 19 wherein a coated metal foil is selected from the group consisting of a carbon-coated metal foil and an adhesive film-coated metal foil.
22. The method of claim 1 wherein the device is selected from the group consisting of energy storage devices, filters and catalyst supporters.
23. The method of claim 18 wherein the energy storage devices are selected from the group consisting of electrical double-layer capacitors, lithium-sulfur batteries, lithium-ion batteries, lithium-ion capacitors, fuel cells, and hydrogen storage devices.
24. An electrode film suitable for use as an electrode, and said electrode film comprising:
(a) greater than 60 percent by weight of active particles;
(b) up to 15 percent by weight of at least one fibrillatable polymer binder;
(c) up to 15 percent by weight of spherical conductive particles; and
(d) up to 10 percent by weight of conductive flakes.
25. The electrode film of claim 24 wherein the active particles are selected from a group consisting of activated carbon particles, sulfur-impregnated activated carbon particles, lithium-oxygen containing compounds, stabilized lithium metal powders, metal oxide particles, metal sulfide particles, metal nitride particles and combinations thereof.
26. The electrode film of claim 24 wherein the particle size of said active particles ranges from 1-50 microns.
27. The electrode film of claim 24 wherein the fibrillatable polymers are selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, co-polymers, various polymer blends, natural or synthetic rubbers, polyamide, polyurethane, liquid resins, silicon, elastomeric polymers, olefinic polymers and combinations thereof.
28. The electrode film of claim 24 wherein said conductive particles are spherical conductive particles.
29. The electrode film of claim 28 wherein the spherical conductive particles are selected from the group consisting of carbon black particles, super P carbon particles, super C65 carbon particles and combinations thereof.
30. The electrode film of claim 29 wherein the spherical conductive particles have a particle size less than 1 micron.
31. The electrode film of claim 24 wherein the conductive flakes are selected from a group consisting of metal flakes, preferably, aluminum flakes, graphite flakes, graphene, expanded graphite flakes, conductive polymer flakes and combinations thereof.
32. The electrode film of claim 31 wherein the conductive flakes have the diameter in the range of 1-40 microns.
33. The electrode film of claim 32 wherein the thickness of said conductive flakes is in the range of 0.001 micron to 5 microns.
34. The electrode film of claim 24 wherein the electrode film has a tensile strength higher than 0.04 kg/mm 2 .
35. The electrode film of claim 24 wherein said electrode film is pressed onto a current collector to form an electrode used in energy storage devices.
36. The electrode film of claim 35 wherein the current collector is selected from the group consisting of a metal foil, an alloy foil, a metal mesh, an alloy mesh, a conductive carbon cloth, an etched metal foil and a coated metal foil.
37. The electrode film of claim 36 wherein the metal foil, alloy foil, metal mesh, alloy mesh and etched metal foil are comprised of metals selected from the group consisting of aluminum, copper, and titanium.
38. The electrode film of claim 36 wherein a coated metal foil is selected from the group consisting of a carbon-coated metal foil and an adhesive film-coated metal foil.
39. The electrode film of claim 24 wherein the device is selected from the group consisting of energy storage devices, filters and catalyst supporters.
40. The electrode film of claim 35 wherein the energy storage devices are selected from the group consisting of electrical double-layer capacitors, lithium-sulfur batteries, lithium-ion batteries, lithium-ion capacitors, fuel cells, and hydrogen storage devices.