Nanopores with internal protein adaptors

1. A method for detecting an analyte in a sample, comprising the steps of:

a) obtaining a complex comprising:

(i) a protein nanopore comprising a subunit having a sequence that is at least 80% identical to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the nanopore comprises a cis side and a trans side connected by a lumen having a cis-diameter and a trans-diameter;

and

(ii) a globular enzyme protein adaptor,

wherein the globular enzyme protein adaptor is smaller than the cis-diameter of the nanopore but larger than the trans-diameter of the nanopore or the globular enzyme protein adaptor is smaller than the trans-diameter of the nanopore but larger than the cis-diameter of the nanopore and retains its binding function,

wherein the globular enzyme protein adaptor is selected from the group consisting of an oxidoreducase, a transferase, an hydrolase, a lyase, an isomerase, a ligase, a demethylase, a reductase, and thrombin, and

wherein the globular enzyme protein adaptor is internalized within the lumen of the nanopore such that the protein adaptor is not covalently bound to the nanopore,

b) contacting the complex with a sample comprising an analyte, wherein the contacting occurs on the cis side or the trans side of the nanopore, and

c) measuring conductance across the nanopore, wherein a change in the conductance after addition of the sample indicates the binding of the analyte to the internalized globular enzyme protein adaptor and the presence of the analyte in the sample.

2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the subunit comprises a Trp substitution at an amino acid position corresponding to Gln56 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the nanopore comprises a plurality of subunits, each subunit comprising an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 3.

4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the globular enzyme protein adaptor is a demethylase enzyme or a reductase enzyme.

5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the demethylase is AlkB demethylase.

6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the demethylase is AlkB demethylase comprising an Asn120Asp mutation.

7. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the reductase is dihydrofolate reductase.

8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the globular enzyme protein adaptor comprises a tag, wherein the tag has a net overall positive or net overall negative charge.

9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the protein adaptor forms a complex with one or more additional molecules.

10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the analyte is a small molecule, a protein, or a nucleic acid.

11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the analyte is charged.

12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein in the globular enzyme protein adaptor is smaller than the cis-diameter of the nanopore but larger than the trans-diameter of the nanopore, the cis-diameter of the nanopore is 4.5 to 7 nm, and the trans-diameter of the nanopore is 1.5 nm to 4.0 nm; and in b), the contacting occurs on the cis side of the nanopore.

13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the globular enzyme protein adaptor is classified under Enzyme Commission (EC) Number: EC1, EC2, EC3, EC4, EC5, or EC6.

14. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the subunit comprises a Ser substitution at an amino acid position corresponding to Cys 87 or Cys 285 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

15. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the subunit comprises:

a) a Gln substitution at an amino acid position corresponding to L99 in SEQ ID NO: 1;

b) a Gly substitution at an amino acid position corresponding to E103 in SEQ ID NO: 1;

c) a Tyr substitution at an amino acid corresponding to F166 in SEQ ID NO: 1; and/or

d) an Arg substitution at an amino acid corresponding to K294 in SEQ ID NO: 1.

16. A method for detecting an analyte in a sample, comprising the steps of:

a) obtaining a complex comprising:

(i) a protein nanopore comprising a subunit having a sequence that is at least 80% identical to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the nanopore comprises a cis side and a trans side connected by a lumen having a cis-diameter and a trans-diameter; and

(ii) a protein adaptor selected from the group consisting of SBD1, SBD2, and glucose binding protein (GBP),

wherein the protein adaptor is smaller than the cis-diameter of the nanopore but larger than the trans-diameter of the nanopore or the protein adaptor is smaller than the trans-diameter of the nanopore but larger than the cis-diameter of the nanopore and retains its binding function, and wherein the protein adaptor is internalized within the lumen of the nanopore such that the protein adaptor is not covalently bound to the nanopore,

b) contacting the complex with a sample comprising an analyte, wherein the contacting occurs on the cis side or the trans side of the nanopore, and

c) measuring conductance across the nanopore, wherein a change in the conductance after addition of the sample indicates the binding of the analyte to the internalized protein adaptor and the presence of the analyte in the sample.

17. The method of according to claim 16 , wherein the subunit comprises:

a) a Gln substitution at an amino acid position corresponding to L99 in SEQ ID NO: 1;

b) a Gly substitution at an amino acid position corresponding to E103 in SEQ ID NO: 1;

c) a Tyr substitution at an amino acid corresponding to F166 in SEQ ID NO: 1;

d) an Arg substitution at an amino acid corresponding to K294 in SEQ ID NO: 1; and/or

e) a Ser substitution at an amino acid corresponding to C285 in SEQ ID NO: 1.