Segregation resistant perovskite oxides with surface modification
A method and a composition to stabilize the surface cation chemistry of the perovskite or related oxides, and thus, to minimize or completely avoid the detrimental segregation and phase separation of dopant cations at the surface can include modifying the surface with more oxidizable metal cations and/or more oxidizable metal oxides, thereby reducing the oxygen vacancy concentration at the very surface.
1. A composition comprising:
a base layer including a material of formula (I), (II) or (III), wherein the formula (I), (II) and (III) are:
A x A′ 1−x B y B′ 1−y O 3±δ (I)
(A x A′ 1−x ) 2 (B y B′ 1−y ) 2 O 5 (II)
(A x A′ 1−x ) n+1 (B y B′ 1−y ) n O 3n+1 (III)
wherein each of A and A′, independently, is a rare earth metal or an alkaline earth metal, x is in the range of 0 to 1, each of B and B′, independently, is a transition metal, y is in the range of 0 to 1, δ is in the range of 0 to 1, and n is a number of layers; and
a surface layer including a metal, a metal cation or an oxide of one or more metal elements, or a combination thereof,
wherein the cation and the oxide of one or more metal element are more oxidizable, or more difficult to reduce, than the material of the formula (I, II, or III),
wherein the material includes a perovskite oxide, brownmillerite or a Ruddlesden Popper and a deposited element that is dissolved into the base layer lattice at or near the surface.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the rare earth metal includes Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb or Lu.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the alkaline earth metal includes Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba or Ra.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal element includes Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Hg, Ce, or La, or any combinations thereof.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal element includes Ti, Hf, Zr, Nb, Cr, Mn, Fe, Al, Mg, Ce, or La or any combinations thereof.
6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the oxide of a metal element includes a binary oxide of the metal element.
7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the oxide of a metal element includes TiO 2 , HfO 2 , ZrO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 , Cr 2 O 3 , MnO 2 , FeO, Fe 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 , MgO, or any combinations of thereof.
8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition has the formula La 0.8 Sr 0.2 CoO 3 .
9. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal element is Ti or Hf.
10. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the oxide of a metal element is TiO 2 or HfO 2 .
11. A solar cell including the composition of claim 1 .
12. An electrode including the composition of claim 1 .
13. A catalyst or an electrocatalyst including the composition of claim 1 .
14. An oxygen permeation membrane including the composition of claim 1 .
15. An electrical device comprising a resistive, memristive or magnetic structure including the composition of claim 1 .
16. A composition comprising:
a layer including a material of formula (I)), (II) or (III), wherein the formula (I), (II) and (III) are:
A x A′ 1−x B y B′ 1−y O 3±δ (I)
(A x A′ 1−x ) 2 (B y B′ 1−y ) 2 O 5 (II)
(A x A′ 1−x ) n+1 (B y B′ 1−y ) n O 3n+1 (III)
wherein each of A and A′, independently, is a rare earth metal or an alkaline earth metal, x is in the range of 0 to 1, each of B and B′, independently, is a transition metal, y is in the range of 0 to 1, δ is in the range of 0 to 1, and n is a number of layers;
wherein a surface of the layer includes a metal, a metal cation or an oxide of one or more metal elements, or a combination thereof, wherein the material includes a perovskite or a brownmillerite or a Ruddlesden Popper, wherein the material further includes a deposited element that is dissolved into the layer lattice at or near the surface.
17. The composition of claim 16 , wherein the rare earth metal includes Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb or Lu.
18. The composition of claim 16 , wherein the alkaline earth metal includes Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba or Ra.
19. The composition of claim 16 , wherein the metal element includes Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Hg, Ce, La, or any combinations thereof.
20. The composition of claim 16 , wherein the metal element includes Ti, Hf, Zr, Nb, Cr, Mn, Fe, Al, Mg, or any combinations thereof.
21. The composition of claim 16 , wherein the oxide of a metal element includes a binary oxide of the metal element.
22. The composition of claim 16 , wherein the oxide of a metal element includes TiO 2 , HfO 2 , ZrO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 , Cr 2 O 3 , MnO 2 , FeO, Fe 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 , MgO, or any combinations thereof.
23. The composition of claim 16 , wherein the composition has the formula La 0.8 Sr 0.2 CoO 3 .
24. The composition of claim 16 , wherein the metal element is Ti or Hf.
25. The composition of claim 16 , wherein the oxide of a metal element is TiO 2 or HfO 2 .