Functional fluids comprising low-viscosity, low-volatility polyalpha-olefin base stock

1. A functional fluid for a clutch, a gear box, a transmission and/or an electric motor and/or a battery pack comprising a saturated polyalpha-olefin (“PAO”) first base stock at a concentration thereof in the range from 3 wt % to 98 wt %, based on the total weight of the functional fluid, the first base stock having:

a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. determined pursuant to ASTM D445 (“KV100”) in the range from 3.0 to 3.6 cSt;

a Noack volatility determined pursuant to ASTM D5800 (“NV”) not higher than 12.5%; and

a high-temperature high-shear viscosity determined pursuant to ASTM (“HTHSV”) at 150° C. of no greater than 1.4 centipoise.

2. The functional fluid of claim 1 comprising the first base stock at a concentration thereof in the range from 50 wt % to 98 wt %, based on the total weight of the functional fluid.

3. The functional fluid of claim 1 , wherein the first base stock comprises C28-C32 polyalpha-olefin oligomers at a concentration of no less than 95 wt %, based on the total weight of the first base stock.

4. The functional fluid of claim 3 , wherein the first base stock comprises C30 polyalpha-olefin oligomers at a concentration of no less than 95 wt %, based on the total weight of the first base stock.

5. The functional fluid of claim 1 , wherein the first base stock comprises polyalpha-olefin oligomers having the following formula at a total concentration thereof, based on the total weight of the first base stock. of no less than 80 wt %:

wherein each R is independently an n-butyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, n-decyl, or n-dodecyl.

6. The functional fluid of claim 1 , wherein the first base stock has a cold-crank-simulator viscosity at −35° C. determined pursuant to ASTM D4683 (“CCSV”) of no higher than 1,000 centipoise.

7. The functional fluid claim 1 , wherein the PAO has a thermal conductivity at 40° C. in the range from 0.11 to 0.16 watt·meter −1 ·K −1 .

8. The functional fluid of claim 1 , further comprising a Group I, II, III, IV, or V second base stock at a concentration in the range from 0 to 97 wt %, based on the total weight of the functional fluid, and one or more additives at a total concentration thereof in the range from 0 to 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the functional fluid.

9. The functional fluid of claim 1 , having a KV 100 in the range from 3.5 to 4.2 cSt, and a Noack Volatility in the range from 10 to 13 wt %.

10. The functional fluid of claim 1 , which is a hybrid vehicle transmission fluid and/or an electric motor cooling fluid and/or a battery pack cooling fluid.

11. The functional fluid of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the first base stock is produced by a process selected from:

(i) a first process comprising oligomerizing one or more C6 to C14 alpha-olefin in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a metallocene compound to obtain a first oligomer mixture, separating a first unhydrogenated precursor to the first base stock from the oligomer mixture, followed by hydrogenating the first unhydrogenated precursor; and

(ii) a second process comprising producing a second oligomer of one or more C6 to C14 alpha-olefin in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a metallocene compound, reacting the second oligomer with one or more C6 to C14 alpha-olefin in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to obtain a third oligomer mixture, separating a second

unhydrogenated precursor to the first base stock from the third oligomer mixture, followed by hydrogenating the second unhydrogenated precursor.

12. The functional fluid of claim 11 , wherein in process (ii), the second oligomer consists essentially of a dimer of the one or more of the alpha-olefin.

13. The functional fluid of claim 12 , wherein the first base stock is produced from a process (ii) in which the dimer comprises at least 40 wt % of tri-substituted olefin(s), based on the total weight of the dimer.

14. The functional fluid of claim 11 , wherein the first base stock is produced from a monomer consisting essentially of 1-decene.

15. The functional fluid of claim 12 , wherein the first base stock is produced from a process (ii) in which the second unhydrogenated precursor comprises at least 50 wt % of either tetra-substituted olefin(s) or tri-substituted olefins, based on the total weight of the separated precursor.

16. The functional fluid of claim 1 , wherein the PAO has a rotating pressure vessel oxidation test (RPVOT) break time, determined pursuant to ASTM-D-2272, of at least about 70 minutes.

17. The functional fluid of claim 1 , wherein the PAO has a RPVOT break time, determined pursuant to ASTM-D-2272, of at least about 80 minutes.

18. The functional fluid of claim 1 , wherein the first base stock has a pour point determined pursuant to ASTM D5950 of no higher than −69° C.

19. A process for lubricating and/or cooling an engine transmission, a gearbox, a clutch, an electric motor, and/or a battery pack, comprising:

(I) providing a functional fluid comprising a saturated polyalpha-olefin (“PAO”) first base stock at a concentration thereof in the range from 3 wt % to 98 wt %, based on the total weight of the functional fluid, the PAO base stock having:

a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. determined pursuant to ASTM D445 (“KV100”) in the range from 3.0 to 3.6 cSt;

a high-temperature high-shear viscosity determined pursuant to ASTM (“HTHSV”) at 150° C. of no greater than 1.4 centipoise;

a Noack volatility determined pursuant to ASTM D5800 (“NV”) not higher than 12.5%; and

(II) contacting the functional fluid with the engine transmission, the electric motor, and/or the battery pack.

20. The process of claim 19 , wherein step (II) comprises contacting the functional fluid with both the engine transmission and the electric motor in a hybrid vehicle.

21. The process of claim 19 wherein step (I) comprises one or both of the following processes:

(i) oligomerizing one or more C6 to C14 alpha-olefin in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a metallocene compound to obtain a first oligomer mixture, separating a first unhydrogenated precursor to the first base stock from the oligomer mixture, followed by hydrogenating the first unhydrogenated precursor; and

(ii) producing a second oligomer of one or more C6 to C14 alpha-olefin in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a metallocene compound, reacting the second oligomer with one or more C6 to C14 alpha-olefin in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to obtain a third oligomer mixture, separating a second unhydrogenated precursor to the first base stock from the third oligomer mixture, followed by hydrogenating the second unhydrogenated precursor.

22. The process of claim 21 , wherein the one or more C6 to C14 alpha-olefin consists essentially of 1-decene.

23. The process of claim 19 , wherein the first base stock comprises C28-C32 polyalpha-olefin oligomers at a concentration of no less than 95 wt %, based on the total weight of the first base stock.

24. The process of claim 19 , wherein the first base stock comprises polyalpha-olefin oligomers having the following formula at a total concentration thereof, based on the total weight of the first base stock, of no less than 80 wt %:

wherein each R is independently an n-hexyl, n-octyl, or n-decyl.

25. The process of claim 19 , wherein the first base stock has a cold- crank-simulator viscosity at −35° C. determined pursuant to ASTM D4683 (“CCS”) of no higher than 1,000 centipoise.

26. The process of claim 19 , wherein the functional fluid has a KV100 in the range from 3.5 to 4.2 cSt, and an NV in the range from 10 to 13 wt %.

27. The process of claim 19 , wherein the PAO has a RPVOT break time, determined pursuant to ASTM-D-2272, of at least about 70 minutes.

28. The process of claim 19 , wherein the PAO has a pour point determined pursuant to ASTM D5950 of no higher than −69° C.