Mixed-metal oxide based catalysts
One or more embodiments relates to a method of catalytically converting a reactant gas mixture for pollution abatement of products of hydrocarbon fuel combustion. The method provides substituted mixed-metal oxides where catalytically active metals are substituted within the crystal lattice to create an active and well dispersed metal catalyst available to convert the reactant gas mixture. Embodiments may be used with gasoline and diesel fueled internal combustion engine exhaust, although specific embodiments may differ somewhat for each.
1. A mixed-metal oxide catalyst, comprising a pyrochlore having the composition wherein:
A 2-w-x A′ w A″ x B 2-y-z B′ y B″zO 7-Δ ,
wherein:
A is a trivalent ion of an element selected from the group consisting of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Bi, Sc, Y, In, and Ti,
A′ is a trivalent ion of an element not equivalent to A and selected from the group consisting of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Bi, Sc, Y, In, and Ti, and wherein 0≤w≤1,
A″ is a divalent ion selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba, and wherein 0≤x≤1 and w+x≤1,
B is a tetravalent ion of an element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Cr, Mn, Zr, Mo, Tc, Rh, Pd, Hf, Os, Ir, Pt, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb,
B′ is a divalent, trivalent, or tetravalent ion of an element selected from the group consisting of Mo, Fe, Os, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Re, and V, wherein if B′ is a tetravalent element then B′ is an element not equivalent to B and wherein 0≤y≤1,
B″ is a divalent, a trivalent, or a tetravalent ion of an element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Y, Ce, Re, Cr, Ti, Zr, Hf, Ni, Co, V, and Mo, wherein if B″ is a trivalent element, B″ is an element not equivalent to B′, and if B″ is a tetravalent element, then B″ is an element not equivalent to B′ or B, wherein 0≤z≤1 and y+z≤1, and A is a number that renders the composition charge neutral,
a surface deposited transition metal, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, noble metal, lanthanide element, or mixtures thereof, and
where an average ionic radius ratio of ions in A, A′, and A″-site holding an 8-fold coordination with oxygen to ions B, B′, and B″ site holding 6-fold coordination with oxygen is between 1.46 and 1.8.
2. The mixed-metal oxide catalyst of claim 1 , where the pyrochlore is a first pyrochlore, and where the mixed-metal oxide catalyst further comprises a second pyrochlore, simple oxides, reduced metal, perovskite, fluorite, weberite, brownmillerite, or mixtures thereof.
3. The mixed-metal oxide catalyst of claim 1 , further comprising a support.
4. The mixed-metal oxide catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the support comprises alumina, silica, zirconium, titanium, zeolite, or a mixed metal oxide spinel, fluorite, perovskite, pyrochlore, brownmillerite, or mixtures thereof.
5. The mixed-metal oxide catalyst of claim 3 , further comprising an oxygen conducting mixed-metal oxide coated on the support.
6. The mixed-metal oxide catalyst of claim 3 , where the pyrochlore is a first catalytically active material; and, where the mixed-metal oxide catalyst further comprises a second catalytically active material.
7. The mixed-metal oxide catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the mixed-metal oxide catalyst is a powder, pellet, foam, honeycomb, or a monolith.
8. The mixed-metal oxide catalyst of claim 1 , wherein A or A′ is cerium.
9. The mixed-metal oxide catalyst of claim 1 , wherein A or A′ is cerium, and B or B″ is zirconium.
10. The mixed-metal oxide catalyst of claim 6 , wherein the mixed-metal oxide catalyst is structurally stable when contacted with unconverted hydrocarbons, COx, NOx, particulate matter, or combinations thereof at temperature up to about 2000° C.
11. The mixed-metal oxide catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the mixed-metal oxide catalyst is structurally stable when contacted with unconverted hydrocarbons, COx, NOx, particulate matter, or combinations thereof at temperature in a range of from about 100° C. to about 1000° C.
12. The mixed-metal oxide catalyst of claim 1 comprising pure pyrochlore phase composition.
13. The mixed-metal oxide catalyst of claim 1 comprising predominant pyrochlore phase composition and fluorite and/or perovskite secondary phase composition.
14. A mixed-metal oxide catalyst, comprising a first catalytically active material and a second catalytically active material deposited on the surface of the first catalytically active material, the mixed metal oxide catalyst having the composition wherein:
A 2-w-x A′ w A″ x B 2-y-z B′ y B″zO 7-Δ ,
wherein,
A is a trivalent ion of an element selected from the group consisting of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Bi, Sc, Y, In, and Ti,
A′ is a trivalent ion of an element not equivalent to A and selected from the group consisting of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Bi, Sc, Y, In, and Ti, and wherein 0≤w≤1,
A″ is a divalent ion selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba, and wherein 0≤x≤1 and w+x≤1,
B is a tetravalent ion of an element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Cr, Mn, Zr, Mo, Tc, Rh, Pd, Hf, Os, Ir, Pt, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb,
B′ is a divalent, trivalent, or tetravalent ion of an element selected from the group consisting of Mo, Fe, Os, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Re, and V, wherein if B′ is a tetravalent element then B′ is an element not equivalent to B and wherein 0≤y≤1,
B″ is a divalent, a trivalent, or a tetravalent ion of an element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Y, Ce, Re, Cr, Ti, Zr, Hf, Ni, Co, V, and Mo, wherein if B″ is a trivalent element, B″ is an element not equivalent to B′, and if B″ is a tetravalent element, then B″ is an element not equivalent to B′ or B, wherein 0≤z≤1 and y+z≤1, and A is a number that renders the composition charge neutral, and
where an average ionic radius ratio of ions in A, A′, and A″-site holding an 8-fold coordination with oxygen to ions B, B′, and B″ site holding 6-fold coordination with oxygen is between 1.46 and 1.8.
15. A mixed-metal oxide catalyst, comprising a first catalytically active material and a second catalytically active material comprising a surface deposited transition metal, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, noble metal, lanthanide element, or mixtures thereof, the mixed metal oxide catalyst having the composition wherein:
A 2-w-x A′ w A″ x B 2-y-z B′ y B″zO 7-Δ ,
wherein:
A is a trivalent ion of an element selected from the group consisting of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Bi, Sc, Y, In, and Ti,
A′ is a trivalent ion of an element not equivalent to A and selected from the group consisting of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Bi, Sc, Y, In, and Ti, and wherein 0≤w≤1,
A″ is a divalent ion selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba, and wherein 0≤x≤1 and w+x≤1,
B is a tetravalent ion of an element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Cr, Mn, Zr, Mo, Tc, Rh, Pd, Hf, Os, Ir, Pt, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb,
B′ is a divalent, trivalent, or tetravalent ion of an element selected from the group consisting of Mo, Fe, Os, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Re, and V, wherein if B′ is a tetravalent element then B′ is an element not equivalent to B and wherein 0≤y≤1,
B″ is a divalent, a trivalent, or a tetravalent ion of an element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Y, Ce, Re, Cr, Ti, Zr, Hf, Ni, Co, V, and Mo, wherein if B″ is a trivalent element, B″ is an element not equivalent to B′, and if B″ is a tetravalent element, then B″ is an element not equivalent to B′ or B, wherein 0 K z≤1 and y+z≤1, and A is a number that renders the composition charge neutral, and
where an average ionic radius ratio of ions in A, A′, and A″-site holding an 8-fold coordination with oxygen to ions B, B′, and B″ site holding 6-fold coordination with oxygen is between 1.46 and 1.8.