Continuous resistance and proximity checking for high power deicing and defogging systems

1. A method of deicing a glass surface with increased safety using a high power heating system having a resistance across the heating system and having a capacitance across the heating system, comprising the steps of:

applying heating energy to the glass surface using the heating system for a pre-determined duration in a first pulsed manner where the predetermined duration is sufficient to de-ice the glass surface, where the first pulsed manner comprises repeatedly applying a first pulse of power; and

periodically applying a second pulse of power between the applications of the first pulse of power, where the second pulse of power is smaller in magnitude than the first pulse of power and the second pulse of power is applied 1-20 times per second;

and using the second pulse of power to sense the resistance across the heating system, and stopping the method of heating the glass surface if the resistance is outside a predetermined range.

2. The method of claim 1 , where the second pulse of power is applied before every application of high power in the first pulsed manner.

3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the steps of:

using the second pulse of power to sense the capacitance across the heating system, and stopping the method of heating a glass surface if the capacitance is above a predetermined threshold.

4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the steps of:

periodically applying a third pulse of power between the activations of the first pulse of power to sense the capacitance across the heating system, and stopping the method of heating the glass surface if the capacitance is above a predetermined threshold.

5. The method of claim 4 , where the third pulse of power is applied 1-20 times per second.

6. The method of claim 5 , where the third pulse of power is applied before every application of high power in the first pulsed manner.

7. A method of thermally modifying an interface between ice and an glass surface so as to de-ice the glass surface with increased safety using a heating system having a resistance across the heating system and having a capacitance across the heating system, comprising the steps of:

applying heating energy to the interface to melt an interfacial layer of ice for a duration in a first pulsed manner, where the first pulsed manner comprises repeatedly applying a first pulse of power having a magnitude;

where the duration is sufficient to de-ice the glass surface and the duration is limited so that the heating energy has a heat diffusion distance within the ice that extends no more than through the thickness of the interfacial layer of ice; and

periodically applying a second pulse of power having a magnitude between the applications of the first pulse of power where the magnitude of the second pulse of power is smaller than the magnitude of the first pulse of power, and the second pulse of power is applied 1-20 times per second, and using the second pulse of power to sense the resistance across the heating system, and stopping the method of thermally modifying an interface if the sensed resistance is outside a predetermined range.

8. The method of claim 7 , where the second pulse of power is applied before every application of high power in the first pulsed manner.

9. The method of claim 7 , further comprising the steps of:

using the second pulse of power to sense the capacitance across the heating system, and stopping the method of thermally modifying an interface if the capacitance is above a predetermined threshold.

10. The method of claim 7 , further comprising the steps of:

periodically applying a third pulse of power between the applications of the first pulse of power and using the third pulse of power to sense the capacitance across the heating system, and stopping the method of thermally modifying an interface if the capacitance is above a predetermined threshold.

11. The method of claim 10 , where the third pulse of power is applied 1-20 times per second.

12. The method of claim 11 , where the third pulse of power is applied before every application of high power in the first pulsed manner.

13. A system for heating a glass surface with increased safety, comprising:

a first power supply for generating power;

a heating apparatus that is within the glass surface or in contact with the glass surface and that is coupled to the first power supply, to convert the power into heat at the glass surface; and

a first controller coupled to the first power supply configured to supply power to the heating apparatus in a first pulsed manner for a pre-determined duration where the duration is sufficient to deice the glass surface;

where the heating apparatus comprises at least a heating element and at least two busbars;

a second power supply for generating power coupled to a second controller and a resistance detector and configured to apply power of a smaller magnitude than a magnitude of the first pulse of power 1-20 times per second to the resistance detector at times interspersed between the first pulses of power;

the resistance detector being configured to measure resistance across the heating apparatus; and the resistance detector and first controller and first power supply being configured so that, if the resistance detected by the resistance detector is outside a predetermined range, power from the first power supply cannot be applied to the heating apparatus.

14. The system of claim 13 , further comprising:

a capacitance detector configured to measure capacitance across the heating apparatus;

the second power supply for generating power being coupled to the second controller and the capacitance detector, and being configured to apply power of a smaller magnitude than the first pulse of power 1-20 times per second to the capacitance detector at times interspersed between the first pulses of power; and

the capacitance detector and first controller and first power supply being configured so that, if the capacitance detected by the capacitance detector is outside a predetermined range, power from the first power supply cannot be applied to the heating apparatus.

15. A method of deicing a surface with increased safety using a high power heating system having a resistance across the heating system and having a capacitance across the heating system, comprising the steps of:

applying heating energy to the surface using the heating system for a pre-determined duration in a first pulsed manner where the duration is sufficient to de-ice the surface, where the first pulsed manner comprises repeatedly applying a first pulse of power; and

periodically applying a second pulse of power between the applications of the first pulse of power, where the second pulse of power is smaller in magnitude than the first pulse of power and the second pulse of power is applied 1-20 times per second;

and using the second pulse of power to sense the resistance across the heating system, and stopping the method of heating a surface if the resistance is outside a predetermined range.