Distance and direction-sensitive cosmogenic neutron sensors

1. A local area cosmogenic neutron sensor for detecting moisture within a measurement surface, the local area cosmogenic neutron sensor comprising:

a neutron detector positionable above the measurement surface, wherein a moderator material is positioned around at least a portion of the neutron detector to form a moderated neutron detector;

a neutron shield positioned around a portion of the moderated neutron detector, whereby the neutron shield substantially covers lateral sides of the moderated neutron detector and substantially an entirety of a top of the moderated neutron detector, wherein the neutron shield is positioned to interact with cosmogenic neutrons propagating to the lateral sides or the top of the moderated neutron detector, thereby substantially blocking fast, epithermal, and thermal cosmogenic neutrons propagating to the lateral sides or the top of the moderated neutron detector from reaching the moderated neutron detector, and wherein the neutron shield is not positioned on a bottom side of the moderated neutron detector;

a thermal neutron shield positioned below the neutron detector; and

a stand structure holding the moderated neutron detector and the neutron shield in a position a spaced vertical distance above the measurement surface with the bottom side of the moderated neutron detector facing the measurement surface,

wherein local area cosmogenic neutrons propagating from the measurement surface below and near the moderated neutron detector travel through an air space before arriving at the thermal neutron shield, wherein environmental thermal neutrons are blocked from arriving at bottom side of the moderated neutron detector.

2. The local area cosmogenic neutron sensor of claim 1 , wherein the thermal neutron shield comprises cadmium.

3. The local area cosmogenic neutron sensor of claim 1 , wherein the thermal neutron shield comprises boron.

4. The local area cosmogenic neutron sensor of claim 1 , wherein the thermal neutron shield comprises gadolinium.

5. The local area cosmogenic neutron sensor of claim 1 , wherein the thermal neutron shield is positioned extending between two or more sidewalls of the neutron shield in a position below the moderated neutron detector.

6. The local area cosmogenic neutron sensor of claim 1 , wherein the thermal neutron shield is positioned extending between two or more sidewalls of the moderating material in a position below the moderated neutron detector.

7. The local area cosmogenic neutron sensor of claim 1 , wherein the moderator material is positioned around an entirety of the neutron detector.

8. The local area cosmogenic neutron sensor of claim 1 , wherein the moderator material is positioned around a top and lateral sides of the neutron detector but is not positioned on a bottom side of the neutron detector.

9. The local area cosmogenic neutron sensor of claim 1 , wherein the thermal neutron shield reduces or prevents signal noise from environmental thermal neutrons.

10. A local area cosmogenic neutron sensor for detecting moisture within a measurement surface, and having an improved signal-to-noise ratio and signal contrast, comprising:

a stand structure;

a neutron detector positioned on the stand structure, the stand structure holding the neutron detector a spaced vertical distance above a measurement surface;

a moderator material positioned around at least a portion of the neutron detector;

a neutron shield positioned around a portion of the neutron detector and moderator material, whereby the neutron shield substantially covers lateral sides of the neutron detector and substantially an entirety of a top of the neutron detector, wherein the neutron shield is positioned to interact with cosmogenic neutrons propagating to the lateral sides or the top of the neutron detector, thereby substantially blocking cosmogenic neutrons propagating to the lateral sides or the top of the neutron detector from reaching the neutron detector, and wherein the neutron shield is not positioned on a bottom side of the neutron detector; and

a thermal neutron shield positioned below the neutron detector and in a path of neutron travel between the measurement surface and the neutron detector, wherein the thermal neutron shield substantially blocks environmental thermal neutrons from reaching the neutron detector.

11. The local area cosmogenic neutron sensor of claim 10 , wherein the thermal neutron shield comprises cadmium.

12. The local area cosmogenic neutron sensor of claim 10 , wherein the thermal neutron shield comprises boron.

13. The local area cosmogenic neutron sensor of claim 10 , wherein the thermal neutron shield comprises gadolinium.

14. The local area cosmogenic neutron sensor of claim 10 , wherein the thermal neutron shield is positioned extending between two or more sidewalls of the neutron shield in a position below the neutron detector.

15. The local area cosmogenic neutron sensor of claim 10 , wherein the thermal neutron shield is positioned extending between two or more sidewalls of the moderating material in a position below the neutron detector.

16. The local area cosmogenic neutron sensor of claim 10 , wherein the moderator material is positioned around an entirety of the neutron detector.

17. The local area cosmogenic neutron sensor of claim 10 , wherein the moderator material is positioned around a top and lateral sides of the neutron detector but is not positioned on a bottom side of the neutron detector.

18. The local area cosmogenic neutron sensor of claim 10 , wherein the thermal neutron shield reduces or prevents signal noise from environmental thermal neutrons.

19. The local area cosmogenic neutron sensor of claim 10 , wherein the moderating material and the neutron shield are formed from a same material.

20. A method for detecting local area cosmogenic neutrons for use in detecting moisture within a measurement surface, the method comprising the steps of:

positioning a neutron detector above the measurement surface, wherein a moderator material is positioned around at least a portion of the neutron detector to form a moderated neutron detector;

placing a neutron shield around a portion of the moderated neutron detector, whereby the neutron shield substantially covers lateral sides of the moderated neutron detector and substantially an entirety of a top of the moderated neutron detector, whereby the neutron shield is positioned to interact with cosmogenic neutrons propagating to the lateral sides or the top of the moderated neutron detector, thereby substantially blocking fast, epithermal, and thermal cosmogenic neutrons propagating to the lateral sides or the top of the moderated neutron detector from reaching the moderated neutron detector, and wherein the neutron shield is not positioned on a bottom side of the moderated neutron detector;

placing a thermal neutron shield in a position below the neutron detector; and

spacing the moderated neutron detector a spaced vertical distance about the measurement surface with a stand structure, whereby the bottom side of the moderated neutron detector faces the measurement surface,

whereby local area cosmogenic neutrons propagating from the measurement surface below and near the moderated neutron detector travel through an air space before arriving at the thermal neutron shield, whereby environmental thermal neutrons are blocked from arriving at bottom side of the moderated neutron detector.