Detection of misfolded tau protein
Methods and kits are provided for amplifying and detecting misfolded tau protein from samples, for example, from patients having tauopathies such as Alzheimer's Disease, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, and the like.
1. A method for detecting the presence of tau aggregates in a human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample, the method comprising:
(A) providing the human CSF sample;
(B) providing a first pre-incubation mixture that is free of tau seeds, the first pre-incubation mixture comprising:
(1) a monomeric 4R tau protein having a concentration of about 12.5 μM;
(2) heparin having a concentration of about 1.25 μM;
(3) a buffer composition comprising about 10 mM HEPES and having a pH of about 7.4;
(4) a salt composition comprising NaCl in a concentration of about 100 mM; and
(5) Thioflavin T (ThT) in a concentration of about 5 μM,
(C) combining the human CSF and the first pre-incubation mixture in a first well of a reaction vessel to form a first incubation mixture;
(D) incubating the first incubation mixture at a temperature of about 37° C. with intermittent cyclic agitation cycles comprising about 1 minute of shaking at about 500 revolutions per minute followed by about 29 minutes without shaking to form a first incubated mixture;
(E) illuminating the first incubated mixture with an excitation wavelength of about 435 nanometers and an emission wavelength of about 485 nanometers; and
(F) determining a level of fluorescence during incubation, wherein an increase in the level of fluorescence of the first incubated mixture at maximum fluorescence of at least two times the standard deviation of the fluorescence of the first incubated mixture at maximum fluorescence compared to the level of fluorescence of the first incubated mixture at any time point up to about 50 hours of incubation with intermittent agitation cycles indicates the presence of tau aggregates in the human CSF sample.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
(A) providing a CSF sample that is free of tau seeds as a negative control sample;
(B) providing a second pre-incubation mixture that is free of tau seeds, the second pre-incubation mixture comprising:
(1) a monomeric 4R tau protein having a concentration of about 12.5 μM;
(2) heparin having a concentration of about 1.25 μM;
(3) a buffer composition comprising about 10 mM HEPES and having a pH of about 7.4;
(4) a salt composition comprising NaCl in a concentration of about 100 mM; and
(5) Thioflavin T (ThT) in a concentration of about 5 μM,
(C) combining the negative control sample and the second pre-incubation mixture in a second well of the reaction vessel to form a second incubation mixture;
(D) incubating the second incubation mixture at a temperature of about 37° C. with intermittent cyclic agitation cycles comprising about 1 minute of shaking at about 500 revolutions per minute followed by about 29 minutes without shaking to form a second incubated mixture;
(E) illuminating the second incubated mixture with an excitation wavelength of about 435 nanometers and an emission wavelength of about 485 nanometers; and
(F) determining a level of fluorescence during incubation of the second incubated mixture and comparing the level of maximum fluorescence of the first incubated mixture with the level of maximum fluorescence of the second incubated mixture, wherein an increase in the level of fluorescence of the first incubated mixture at maximum fluorescence of at least two times the standard deviation of the fluorescence of the first incubated mixture at maximum fluorescence compared to the level of fluorescence of the second incubated mixture after at least about 200 hours of incubation with intermittent agitation cycles indicates the presence of tau aggregate in the human CSF sample.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the presence of the tau aggregates is indicative of a tauopathy, the method further comprising characterizing an identity of the tauopathy by analyzing the fluorescence kinetic parameters thereof for a signature of at least one of: Alzheimer's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, frontotemporal Dementia, corticobasal degeneration, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
4. The method of claim 3 , the analyzing comprising comparing one or more of: lag phase, T50, amplification rate, and amplification extent to one or more corresponding predetermined corresponding kinetic parameters that are characteristic of the identity of the tauopathy to determine a similarity or difference effective to characterize the identity of the tauopathy.
5. A method for the preparation of tau aggregates, the method comprising:
(A) providing human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF);
(B) providing a pre-incubation mixture that is free of tau seeds, the pre-incubation mixture comprising:
(1) a monomeric 4R tau protein having a concentration of about 12.5 μM;
(2) heparin having a concentration of about 1.25 μM;
(3) a buffer composition comprising about 10 mM HEPES and having a pH of about 7.4; and
(4) a salt composition comprising NaCl in a concentration of about 100 mM;
(C) combining the human CSF and the pre-incubation mixture to form an incubation mixture;
(D) incubating the incubation mixture at a temperature of about 37° C. with intermittent cyclic agitation cycles comprising about 1 minute of shaking at about 500 revolutions per minute followed by about 29 minutes without shaking to form an incubated mixture comprising the tau aggregates.
6. The tau aggregates prepared according to the method of claim 5 .
7. The method of claim 5 , further comprising detecting the tau aggregates, the detecting comprising:
(A) illuminating the incubated mixture with an excitation wavelength of about 435 nanometers and an emission wavelength of about 485 nanometers; and
(B) determining a level of fluorescence during incubation, wherein an increase in the level of fluorescence of the incubated mixture at maximum fluorescence of at least two times the standard deviation of the fluorescence of the incubated mixture at maximum fluorescence compared to the level of fluorescence of the incubation mixture at any time point up to about 50 hours of incubation with intermittent agitation cycles indicates the presence of tau aggregates in the human CSF sample.
8. The method of claim 5 , further comprising characterizing the tau aggregates via contacting the tau aggregate with a proteinase selected from the group consisting of proteinase K, trypsin, and chymotrypsin.