Optical scanning device that includes waveguides

1. An optical scanning device comprising:

a first waveguide that propagates light in a waveguide direction by total reflection; and

a second waveguide,

wherein the second waveguide includes:

a first multilayer reflective film;

a second multilayer reflective film that faces the first multilayer reflective film; and

a first optical waveguide layer that is connected directly or through a gap to the first waveguide and located between the first multilayer reflective film and the second multilayer reflective film,

wherein the first optical waveguide layer has a variable thickness and/or a variable refractive index for the light and propagates the light transmitted through the first waveguide,

wherein the first multilayer reflective film has a higher light transmittance than the second multilayer reflective film and allows part of the light propagating through the first optical waveguide layer to be emitted to outside of the second waveguide, and

wherein the thickness and/or the refractive index of the first optical waveguide layer is changed to change the direction of the part of the light emitted from the second waveguide.

2. The optical scanning device according to claim 1 ,

wherein the first optical waveguide layer propagates the light in the same direction as the waveguide direction of the first waveguide.

3. The optical scanning device according to claim 1 ,

wherein a thickness of the first waveguide is unchanged or is changed by an amount different from the amount of change in the thickness of the first optical waveguide layer.

4. The optical scanning device according to claim 1 ,

wherein a refractive index of the first waveguide for the light is unchanged or is changed by an amount different from the amount of change in the refractive index of the first optical waveguide layer for the light.

5. The optical scanning device according to claim 1 , further comprising

an adjusting element that changes the thickness and/or the refractive index of the first optical waveguide layer to change the direction of the part of the light emitted from the second waveguide.

6. The optical scanning device according to claim 5 ,

wherein the first optical waveguide layer contains a material whose refractive index for the light is changed when a voltage is applied, and

wherein the adjusting element changes the refractive index of the first optical waveguide layer by applying a voltage to the first optical waveguide layer to change the direction of the part of the light emitted from the second waveguide.

7. The optical scanning device according to claim 1 ,

wherein |n w1 −n w2 |/n w1 <0.4 holds

where n w1 is a refractive index of the first waveguide for the light, and n w2 is the refractive index of the first optical waveguide layer for the light.

8. The optical scanning device according to claim 1 ,

wherein n w2 and d 2 satisfy 0.95×mλ/(2n w2 )<d 2 <1.5×mλ/(2n w2 ),

where n w2 is the refractive index of the first optical waveguide layer for the light; d2 is the thickness of the first optical waveguide layer; λ is a wavelength of the light in free space; and m is an integer of 1 or more.

9. The optical scanning device according to claim 8 ,

wherein n w2 and d 2 further satisfy

1.2× m λ/(2 n w2 )< d 2 <1.5× m λ/(2 n w2 ).

10. The optical scanning device according to claim 1 ,

wherein n w1 and n w2 satisfy n w1 >n w2 ,

where n w1 is a refractive index of the first waveguide for the light, and n w2 is the refractive index of the first optical waveguide layer for the light.

11. The optical scanning device according to claim 1 ,

wherein part of a surface of the first waveguide has a grating, and the light to be propagated through the first waveguide enters the first waveguide through the grating.

12. The optical scanning device according to claim 1 ,

wherein the light to be propagated through the first waveguide enters the first waveguide through an end surface of the first waveguide.

13. A photodetection system comprising:

the optical scanning device according to claim 1 ;

a photodetector that detects light emitted from the optical scanning device and reflected from a target; and

a signal processing circuit that generates distance distribution data based on an output from the photodetector.

14. The optical scanning device according to claim 1 ,

wherein the first optical waveguide layer has an end surface connected directly to an end surface of the first waveguide.

15. The optical scanning device according to claim 1 , wherein the optical scanning device is configured such that the propagating light in the first waveguide has a reflection angle that is greater than a critical angle of the total reflection.

16. An optical scanning device comprising:

a first waveguide that propagates light in a waveguide direction by total reflection;

a second waveguide; and

a third waveguide,

wherein the second waveguide includes:

a first multilayer reflective film;

a second multilayer reflective film that faces the first multilayer reflective film; and

a first optical waveguide layer that is located between the first multilayer reflective film and the second multilayer reflective film,

wherein the third waveguide includes:

a third multilayer reflective film,

a fourth multilayer reflective film that faces the third multilayer reflective film; and

a second optical waveguide layer that is located between the third multilayer reflective film and the fourth multilayer reflective film,

wherein the second optical waveguide layer is connected directly or through a gap to the first waveguide and propagates the light transmitted through the first waveguide,

wherein the first optical waveguide layer is connected directly to the second optical waveguide layer, has a variable thickness and/or a variable refractive index for the light, and propagates the light transmitted through the second optical waveguide layer,

wherein the first multilayer reflective film has a higher light transmittance than the second multilayer reflective film and allows part of the light propagating through the first optical waveguide layer to be emitted to outside of the second waveguide, and

wherein the thickness and/or the refractive index of the first optical waveguide layer is changed to change the direction of the part of the light emitted from the second waveguide.

17. The optical scanning device according to claim 16 , wherein the optical scanning device is configured such that the propagating light in the first waveguide has a reflection angle that is greater than a critical angle of the total reflection.

18. An optical scanning device comprising a plurality of waveguide units arranged in a first direction,

wherein each of the plurality of waveguide units includes:

a first waveguide that propagates light in a second direction by total reflection; and

a second waveguide,

wherein the second waveguide includes:

a first multilayer reflective film;

a second multilayer reflective film that faces the first multilayer reflective film; and

a first optical waveguide layer that is connected directly or through a gap to the first waveguide and located between the first multilayer reflective film and the second multilayer reflective film,

wherein the first optical waveguide layer has a variable thickness and/or a variable refractive index for the light and propagates the light transmitted through the first waveguide,

wherein the first multilayer reflective film has a higher light transmittance than the second multilayer reflective film and allows part of the light propagating through the first optical waveguide layer to be emitted to outside of the second waveguide, and

wherein the thickness and/or the refractive index of the first optical waveguide layer is changed to change the direction of the part of the light emitted from the second waveguide.

19. The optical scanning device according to claim 18 ,

wherein in each of the plurality of waveguide units, the first optical waveguide layer propagates the light in the second direction.

20. The optical scanning device according to claim 18 ,

wherein in each of the plurality of waveguide units, a thickness of the first waveguide is unchanged or is changed by an amount different from the amount of change in the thickness of the first optical waveguide layers.

21. The optical scanning device according to claim 18 ,

wherein in each of the plurality of waveguide units, a refractive index of the first waveguide for the light is unchanged or is changed by an amount different from the amount of change in the refractive index of the first optical waveguide layers for the light.

22. The optical scanning device according to claim 18 , further comprising

an adjusting element that changes the thickness and/or the refractive index of the first optical waveguide layer of each of the plurality of waveguide units to change the direction of the part of the light emitted from of the second waveguides.

23. The optical scanning device according to claim 22 , further comprising

a second adjusting element that adjusts the phases of light beams to be transmitted through the second waveguides of the plurality of waveguide units to change the difference in phase between light beams propagating through each two adjacent second waveguides, so that the direction of light emitted from the second waveguides is changed.

24. The optical scanning device according to claim 23 ,

wherein, when a second direction component of a wave vector of the light emitted from the second waveguides is denoted as an X component and a first direction component of the wave vector is denoted as a Y component,

the first adjusting element changes the X component of the wave vector, and

the second adjusting element changes the Y component of the wave vector.

25. The optical scanning device according to claim 23 , further comprising a plurality of phase shifters,

wherein each of the plurality of phase shifters includes a fourth waveguide connected to a corresponding one of the first waveguides,

wherein the fourth waveguide of each of the phase shifters contains a material whose refractive index is changed when a voltage is applied or temperature is changed, and

wherein the second adjusting element changes the temperature of the fourth waveguide of each of the phase shifters or applies a voltage to the fourth waveguide of the each of the phase shifters, so that the refractive index of the fourth waveguide of the each of the phase shifters is changed, and the phases of the light beams to be transmitted through the second waveguides of the plurality of waveguide units are changed.

26. The optical scanning device according to claim 25 , further comprising:

a light source that emits the light; and

an optical divider that divides the light from the light source into light beams and introduces the light beams into the fourth waveguides of the plurality of phase shifters.

27. The optical scanning device according to claim 18 , further comprising

an integrally formed fifth multilayer reflective film,

wherein the first multilayer reflective film of each of the plurality of waveguide units is part of the fifth multilayer reflective film.

28. The optical scanning device according to claim 18 , further comprising

an integrally formed sixth multilayer reflective film,

wherein the second multilayer reflective film of each of the plurality of waveguide units is part of the sixth multilayer reflective film.

29. The optical scanning device according to claim 18 , wherein the optical scanning device is configured such that the propagating light in the first waveguide has a reflection angle that is greater than a critical angle of the total reflection.

30. An optical scanning device comprising a plurality of waveguide units arranged in a first direction,

wherein each of the plurality of waveguide units includes:

a first waveguide that propagates light in a second direction by total reflection;

a second waveguide; and

a third waveguide,

wherein the second waveguide includes:

a first multilayer reflective film;

a second multilayer reflective film that faces the first multilayer reflective film; and

a first optical waveguide layer that is located between the first multilayer reflective film and the second multilayer reflective film,

wherein the third waveguide includes:

a third multilayer reflective film;

a fourth multilayer reflective film that faces the third multilayer reflective film; and

a second optical waveguide layer that is located between the third multilayer reflective film and the fourth multilayer reflective film,

wherein the second optical waveguide layer is connected directly or through a gap to the first waveguide and propagates the light transmitted through the first waveguide,

wherein the first optical waveguide layer is connected directly to the second optical waveguide layer, has a variable thickness and/or a variable refractive index for the light, and propagates the light transmitted through the second optical waveguide layer,

wherein the first multilayer reflective film has a higher light transmittance than the second multilayer reflective film and allows part of the light propagating through the first optical waveguide layer to be emitted to outside of the second waveguide, and

wherein the thickness and/or the refractive index of the first optical waveguide layer is changed to change the direction of the part of the light emitted from the second waveguide.

31. The optical scanning device according to claim 30 , wherein the optical scanning device is configured such that the propagating light in the first waveguide has a reflection angle that is greater than a critical angle of the total reflection.

32. A photoreceiver device comprising:

a first waveguide; and

a second waveguide,

wherein the second waveguide includes:

a first multilayer reflective film;

a second multilayer reflective film that faces the first multilayer reflective film; and

a first optical waveguide layer that is connected directly or through a gap to the first waveguide and located between the first multilayer reflective film and second multilayer reflective film,

wherein the first multilayer reflective film has a higher light transmittance than the second multilayer reflective film and allows part of light incident on the first multilayer reflective film to be introduced into the first optical waveguide layer,

wherein the first optical waveguide layer has a variable thickness and/or a variable refractive index for the light and propagates the part of the light introduced into the first optical waveguide layer, and

wherein the first waveguide propagates the part of the light transmitted through the first optical waveguide layer.

33. A photoreceiver device comprising:

a first waveguide;

a second waveguide; and

a third waveguide,

wherein the second waveguide includes:

a first multilayer reflective film;

a second multilayer reflective film that faces the first multilayer reflective film; and

a first optical waveguide layer that is located between the first multilayer reflective film and the second multilayer reflective film,

wherein the third waveguide includes:

a third multilayer reflective film;

a fourth multilayer reflective film that faces the third multilayer reflective film; and

a second optical waveguide layer that is located between the third multilayer reflective film and the fourth multilayer reflective film,

wherein the first multilayer reflective film has a higher light transmittance than the second multilayer reflective film and allows part of light incident on the first multilayer reflective film to be introduced into the first optical waveguide layer,

wherein the first optical waveguide layer has a variable thickness and/or a variable refractive index for the light and propagates the part of the light introduced into the first optical waveguide layer,

wherein the second optical waveguide layer is connected directly to the first optical waveguide layer and propagates the part of the light transmitted through the first optical waveguide layer, and

wherein the first waveguide is connected directly or through a gap to the second optical waveguide layer, and propagates the part of the light transmitted through the second optical waveguide layer.