Wearable reflectance-mode PPG sensor network having improved detected signal strength

1. A photoplethysmogram (PPG) structure comprising:

a wearable component;

a computing device physically coupled to the wearable component; and

a network of PPG sensors physically coupled to the wearable component;

wherein the computing device is communicatively coupled to the network of PPG sensors:

wherein each PPG sensor of the network comprises a housing, a first light source and a light detector;

wherein the first light source is positioned in or on the housing such that, when the housing is positioned on a surface, the housing positions an illuminating surface of the first light source at a predetermined first-light-source angle with respect to the surface;

wherein the computing device comprises environment sensors configured to generate environment data about an environment in which the network of PPG sensors is operating;

wherein the computing device is configured to generate signal strength data reflecting the strength of signals generated by network of PPG sensors; and

wherein the computing device is configured to perform operations comprising:

using a machine learning algorithm to extract features from the environmental data and the signal strength data;

using the machine learning algorithm to generate a signal strength model representing a model of a signal strength profile of the network of PPG sensors; and

applying signal strength readings from the network of PPG sensors to the signal strength model to classify whether or not the signal strength readings from the network of PPG sensors exceed a threshold for signal reliability.

2. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the first light source and the light detectors are each in the shape of a ring.

3. The structure of claim 1 , wherein:

each PPG sensor comprises a plurality of light sources;

the first light source is one of the plurality of light sources; and

each of the plurality of light sources is positioned in or on the housing such that, when the housing is positioned on a surface, the housing positions an illuminating surface of each of the plurality of light sources at a predetermined light-source angle with respect to the surface;

wherein the predetermined light-source angle tilts the illuminating surface of each of the plurality of light sources toward the light detector and the predetermined light-source angle is selected to improve a signal strength of light signals that are transmitted from the illuminating surface of each of the plurality of light sources and reach the light detector.

4. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the light detector is positioned in or on the housing such that, when the housing is positioned on the surface, the housing positions a detecting surface of the light detector at a predetermined light-detector angle with respect to the surface.

5. The structure of claim 4 , wherein:

the predetermined light-detector angle tilts the detecting surface of the light detector toward the first light source and the predetermined light-detector angle is selected to improve the signal strength of light signals that are transmitted from the illuminating surface of the first light source and reach the light detector;

the predetermined first-light-source angle comprises from about 3 degrees to about 5 degrees; and

the predetermined light-detector angle comprises from about 3 degrees to about 5 degrees.

6. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the wearable component comprises a band formed from material that is more flexible than the housing.

7. The structure of claim 1 , wherein:

each PPG sensor of the network comprises a second light source; and

the second light source is positioned in or on the housing such that, when the housing is positioned on the surface, the housing positions an illuminating surface of the second light source at a predetermined second-light-source angle with respect to the surface;

wherein the predetermined second-light-source angle tilts the illuminating surface of the second light source toward the light detector and the predetermined second-light-source angle is selected to improve a signal strength of light signals that are transmitted from the illuminating surface of the second light source and reach the light detector.

8. The structure of claim 7 , wherein:

the light detector is positioned in or on the housing such that, when the housing is positioned on the surface, the housing positions a first detecting surface of the light detector at a predetermined first-detecting-surface angle with respect to the surface; and

the light detector is positioned in or on the housing such that, when the housing is positioned on the surface, the housing positions a second detecting surface of the light detector at a predetermined second-detecting-surface angle with respect to the surface.

9. The structure of claim 8 , wherein:

the predetermined first-detecting-angle tilts the first detecting surface of the light detector toward the first light source and the predetermined first-detecting-angle is selected to improve the signal strength of light signals that are transmitted from the illuminating surface of the first light source and reach the light detector;

the predetermined second-detecting-angle tilts the second detecting surface of the light detector toward the first light source and the predetermined second-detecting-angle is selected to improve the signal strength of light signals that are transmitted from the illuminating surface of the first light source and reach the light detector;

the predetermined first-light-source angle comprises from about 3 degrees to about 5 degrees;

the predetermined second-light-source angle comprises from about 3 degrees to about 5 degrees;

the predetermined first-detecting-surface angle comprises from about 3 degrees to about 5 degrees; and

the predetermined second-detecting-surface angle comprises from about 3 degrees to about 5 degrees.

10. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined first-light-source angle tilts the illuminating surface of the first light source toward the light detector and the predetermined first-light-source angle is selected to improve a signal strength of light signals that are transmitted from the illuminating surface of the first light source and reach the light detector.

11. A method of forming a photoplethysmogram (PPG) structure, the method comprising:

providing a wearable component; and

providing a network of PPG sensors physically coupled to the wearable component;

wherein each PPG sensor of the network comprises a housing, a first light source and a light detector;

wherein the first light source is positioned in or on the housing such that, when the housing is positioned on a surface, the housing positions an illuminating surface of the first light source at a predetermined first-light-source angle with respect to the surface; and

providing a computing device physically coupled to the wearable component;

wherein the computing device is communicatively coupled to the network of PPG sensors;

wherein the computing device comprises environment sensors configured to generate environment data about an environment in which the network of PPG sensors is operating;

wherein the computing device is configured to generate signal strength data reflecting the strength of signals generated by network of PPG sensors; and

wherein the computing device is configured to perform operations comprising:

using a machine learning algorithm to extract features from the environmental data and the signal strength data;

using the machine learning algorithm to generate a signal strength model representing a model of a signal strength profile of the network of PPG sensors; and

applying signal strength readings from the network of PPG sensors to the signal strength model to classify whether or not the signal strength readings from the network of PPG sensors exceed a threshold for signal reliability.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the first light source and the light detectors are each in the shape of a ring.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein:

each PPG sensor comprises a plurality of light sources;

the first light source is one of the plurality of light sources; and

each of the plurality of light sources is positioned in or on the housing such that, when the housing is positioned on a surface, the housing positions an illuminating surface of each of the plurality of light sources at a predetermined light-source angle with respect to the surface;

wherein the predetermined light-source angle tilts the illuminating surface of each of the plurality of light sources toward the light detector and the predetermined light-source angle is selected to improve a signal strength of light signals that are transmitted from the illuminating surface of each of the plurality of light sources and reach the light detector.

14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the light detector is positioned in or on the housing such that, when the housing is positioned on the surface, the housing positions a detecting surface of the light detector at a predetermined light-detector angle with respect to the surface.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein:

the predetermined light-detector angle tilts the detecting surface of the light detector toward the first light source and the predetermined light-detector angle is selected to improve the signal strength of light signals that are transmitted from the illuminating surface of the first light source and reach the light detector;

the predetermined first-light-source angle comprises from about 3 degrees to about 5 degrees; and

the predetermined light-detector angle comprises from about 3 degrees to about 5 degrees.

16. The method of claim 11 , wherein the wearable component comprises a band formed from material that is more flexible than the housing.

17. The method of claim 11 , wherein:

each PPG sensor of the network comprises a second light source; and

the second light source is positioned in or on the housing such that, when the housing is positioned on the surface, the housing positions an illuminating surface of the second light source at a predetermined second-light-source angle with respect to the surface;

wherein the predetermined second-light-source angle tilts the illuminating surface of the second light source toward the light detector and the predetermined second-light-source angle is selected to improve a signal strength of light signals that are transmitted from the illuminating surface of the second light source and reach the light detector.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein:

the light detector is positioned in or on the housing such that, when the housing is positioned on the surface, the housing positions a first detecting surface of the light detector at a predetermined first-detecting-surface angle with respect to the surface; and

the light detector is positioned in or on the housing such that, when the housing is positioned on the surface, the housing positions a second detecting surface of the light detector at a predetermined second-detecting-surface angle with respect to the surface.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein:

the predetermined first-detecting-angle tilts the first detecting surface of the light detector toward the first light source and the predetermined first-detecting-angle is selected to improve the signal strength of light signals that are transmitted from the illuminating surface of the first light source and reach the light detector;

the predetermined second-detecting-angle tilts the second detecting surface of the light detector toward the first light source and the predetermined second-detecting-angle is selected to improve the signal strength of light signals that are transmitted from the illuminating surface of the first light source and reach the light detector;

the predetermined first-light-source angle comprises from about 3 degrees to about 5 degrees;

the predetermined second-light-source angle comprises from about 3 degrees to about 5 degrees;

the predetermined first-detecting-surface angle comprises from about 3 degrees to about 5 degrees; and

the predetermined second-detecting-surface angle comprises from about 3 degrees to about 5 degrees.

20. The method of claim 11 , wherein the predetermined first-light-source angle tilts the illuminating surface of the first light source toward the light detector and the predetermined first-light-source angle is selected to improve a signal strength of light signals that are transmitted from the illuminating surface of the first light source and reach the light detector.