Core-shell electrode material particles and their use in electrochemical cells
This application describes electrode materials and methods of producing them, the materials containing particles having a core-shell structure, wherein the shell of the core-shell particles comprises a polymer, the polymer being grafted on the surface of the core particle by covalent bonds. Electrodes and electrochemical cells containing these electrode materials are also contemplated, as well as their use.
1. An electrode material comprising particles, said particles comprising a core-shell structure wherein:
the core comprises electrochemically active material particles having a surface comprising hydroxyl groups; and
the shell comprises a polymer that at least partially covers the surface of the electrochemically active material particles;
wherein the polymer is grafted directly, without the use of a linker, on the surface of the electrochemically active material particles by one or more covalent bond(s), and
wherein the polymer contributes between 0.1 wt % to 10 wt % towards the total weight of the particles.
2. The electrode material of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is based on monomers polymerizable via radical or ionic polymerization.
3. The electrode material of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is based on at least one monomer comprising a halogen group.
4. The electrode material of claim 3 , wherein the monomer comprising a halogen group is vinyl benzyl chloride.
5. The electrode material of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is based on at least one styrene monomer.
6. The electrode material of claim 1 , wherein an additional substituent is partially grafted on the polymer by covalent bonding, said additional substituent improving adhesion of said polymer on said surface of the electrochemically active material.
7. The electrode material of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemically active material is selected from:
LiM′PO 4 wherein M′ is Fe, Ni, Mn, Co, or a combination thereof, each of which may be further partially replaced by a doping material;
Li(M′ 1-c A c ) 1-d X 1-d PO 4 , M′ is as defined above, A is Fe, Ni, Mn, or Co and is different from M′, and X is a doping material, and c and d are greater than or equal to 0 and lower that 0.25;
LiMn 2 O 4 , wherein Mn may be partially replaced, LiMn 2-a M a O 4 , wherein M, in this instance, is selected from Co and Ni, and a is greater than or equal to 0 and lower that 0.5;
LiM″O 2 , wherein M″ is Mn, Co, Ni, or a combination thereof, LiCo 1-b M b O 2 , wherein M, in this instance, is selected from Mn and Ni, and b is greater than or equal to 0 and lower that 0.25;
Li(NiM′″)O 2 , wherein M′″ is Mn, Co, Al, Fe, Cr, Ti, or Zr, and combinations thereof;
vanadium oxides, lithium vanadium oxides;
lithium titanates;
Li 4 Ti 5-e Z e O 12 , wherein Z is a doping element selected from Zr, Ni, Ta, Cr, Co, La, Y, Ru, Mo, Mn, V, Nb, and Sr, and e is greater than or equal to 0 and lower that 1.5;
carbon selected from graphite (C6), hard carbon, graphene, carbon black, acetylene black, furnace black, and carbon fibers and
Si, Si—C, SiO x , Sn, SnO x , Si—O—C, or Ti—C.
8. A method for producing the electrode material of claim 1 , the method comprising:
providing an electrochemically active material in the form of microparticles or nanoparticles having a surface comprising hydroxyl groups;
providing a polymer for grafting on the surface, said polymer comprising leaving groups displaceable by substitution; and
grafting said polymer on the surface of the particle, wherein the polymer is covalently grafted on the surface.
9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising grafting an additional substituent on the polymer before the grafting of said hydrophobic polymer on the surface, for improving adhesion of said hydrophobic polymer on said surface.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(styrene-co-vinyl benzyl chloride) and poly(methyl methacrylate-co-vinyl benzyl chloride).
11. The electrode material of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is a hydrophobic polymer.
12. The electrode material of claim 11 , wherein the hydrophobic polymer is based on at least one monomer selected from styrenes, alkyl acrylates, alkyl methacrylates, and alkyl vinyl ethers.
13. The electrode material of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is a hydrophilic polymer.
14. The electrode material of claim 13 , wherein the hydrophilic polymer is based on monomers selected from styrenes, alkyl acrylates, alkyl methacrylates, alkyl vinyl ethers, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, glycols, and combinations thereof.
15. An electrode comprising the electrode material as defined in claim 1 on a current collector.
16. The electrode of claim 15 , wherein the electrode material further comprises a conductive agent, a binder, and optionally additives.
17. An electrochemical cell comprising at least one anode, at least one cathode and at least one electrolyte, wherein at least one of the anode and cathode comprises the electrode material as defined in claim 1 .
18. The electrochemical cell of claim 17 , comprising a cylindrical, pouch, prismatic, or spherical casing.
19. A module or pack comprising an electrochemical cell as defined in claim 17 .
20. The electrochemical cell of claim 17 ,
wherein the polymer is partially substituted with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU).
21. The electrochemical cell of claim 17 , wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-vinyl benzyl chloride), (poly(n-butyl vinyl ether), poly(nbutyl acrylate), polystyrene, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), poly(ethylene glycol) ether methyl methacrylate or a co-polymer thereof.