Background suppression for doppler-free mm-wave spectroscopy
A system includes first and second gas cells each comprising a respective sealed interior waveguide; first transmit antenna coupled to the first gas cell to provide a first electromagnetic wave to the first gas cell along a first direction; second transmit antenna coupled to the first gas cell to provide a second electromagnetic wave to the first gas cell along a second direction opposite the first direction; third transmit antenna coupled to the second gas cell to provide a third electromagnetic wave to the second gas cell; first receive antenna coupled to the first gas cell to generate a first signal indicative of an amount of energy in first electromagnetic wave; second receive antenna coupled to the second gas cell to generate a second signal indicative of an amount of energy in second electromagnetic wave; and processor to calculate a background-free signal based on a difference between first and second signals.
1. A system, comprising:
first and second gas cells each comprising a respective sealed interior waveguide;
a first transmit antenna coupled to the first gas cell and configured to provide a first electromagnetic wave to travel in the sealed interior of the first gas cell along a first direction;
a second transmit antenna coupled to the first gas cell and configured to provide a second electromagnetic wave to travel in the sealed interior of the first gas cell along a second direction opposite the first direction;
a third transmit antenna coupled to the second gas cell and configured to provide a third electromagnetic wave to travel in the sealed interior of the second gas cell;
a first receive antenna coupled to the first gas cell and configured to generate a first signal indicative of an amount of energy in the first electromagnetic wave after travel through the first gas cell;
a second receive antenna coupled to the second gas cell and configured to generate a second signal indicative of an amount of energy in the second electromagnetic wave after travel through the second gas cell; and
a processor coupled to the first and second receive antennas and configured to calculate a background-free signal based on a difference between the first signal and the second signal.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first and second gas cells contain a dipolar gas, and a pressure of the dipolar gas in the first gas cell is approximately equal to a pressure of the dipolar gas in the second gas cell.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein an amount of energy of the second electromagnetic wave is greater than an amount of energy of the first electromagnetic wave.
4. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a first transmitter coupled to the first transmit antenna, the first transmitter configured to generate the first electromagnetic wave;
a second transmitter coupled to the second transmit antenna, the second transmitter configured to generate the second electromagnetic wave; and
a third transmitter coupled to the third transmit antenna, the third transmitter configured to generate the third electromagnetic wave.
5. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a transmitter configured to generate an electromagnetic wave;
a first directional coupler coupled to the transmitter and to the second transmit antenna, the first directional coupler configured to receive the electromagnetic wave from the transmitter and generate the second electromagnetic wave and an intermediate electromagnetic wave; and
a second directional coupler coupled to the first directional coupler and to the first and third transmit antennas, the second directional coupler configured to receive the intermediate electromagnetic wave and generate the first and third electromagnetic waves;
in which an amount of energy of the second electromagnetic wave is greater than an amount of energy of the first electromagnetic wave; and
in which an amount of energy of the third electromagnetic wave is approximately equal to the amount of energy in the first electromagnetic wave.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first and second gas cells are formed using one or more layers of a semiconductor wafer.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first and second gas cells are formed using approximately equal dimensions.
8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to calculate a normalized, background-free signal based on the difference between the first signal and the second signal and on a sum of the first signal and the second signal.
9. A system, comprising:
first and second gas cells each comprising a respective sealed interior waveguide;
a first transmit antenna coupled to the first gas cell and configured to provide a first electromagnetic wave to travel in the sealed interior of the first gas cell along a first direction;
a second transmit antenna coupled to the first gas cell and configured to provide a second electromagnetic wave to travel in the sealed interior of the first gas cell along a second direction opposite the first direction;
a third transmit antenna coupled to the second gas cell and configured to provide a third electromagnetic wave to travel in the sealed interior of the second gas cell; and
an electromagnetic coupler coupled to the gas cells and configured to:
receive the first and third electromagnetic waves after travel through the first and second gas cells; and
generate an electromagnetic wave indicative of a difference between the received first and second electromagnetic waves.
10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the first and second gas cells contain a dipolar gas, and a pressure of the dipolar gas in the first gas cell is approximately equal to a pressure of the dipolar gas in the second gas cell.
11. The system of claim 9 , wherein an amount of energy of the second electromagnetic wave is greater than an amount of energy of the first electromagnetic wave.
12. The system of claim 9 , further comprising a receive antenna coupled to the electromagnetic coupler and configured to generate a first signal indicative of an amount of energy in the electromagnetic wave indicative of the difference.
13. The system of claim 9 , wherein the electromagnetic coupler is further configured to generate an electromagnetic wave indicative of a sum of the received first and second electromagnetic waves.
14. The system of claim 13 , further comprising:
a first receive antenna coupled to the electromagnetic coupler and configured to generate a first signal indicative of an amount of energy in the electromagnetic wave indicative of the difference; and
a second receive antenna coupled to the electromagnetic coupler and configured to generate a second signal indicative of an amount of energy in the electromagnetic wave indicative of the sum.
15. The system of claim 14 , further comprising a processor coupled to the first and second receive antennas and configured to calculate a normalized, background-free signal based on the first signal and the second signal.
16. The system of claim 9 , wherein the coupler comprises a rat race coupler.
17. The system of claim 9 , wherein the coupler comprises a magic tee coupler.
18. The system of claim 9 , further comprising:
a first transmitter coupled to the first transmit antenna, the first transmitter configured to generate the first electromagnetic wave;
a second transmitter coupled to the second transmit antenna, the second transmitter configured to generate the second electromagnetic wave; and
a third transmitter coupled to the third transmit antenna, the third transmitter configured to generate the third electromagnetic wave.
19. The system of claim 9 , further comprising:
a transmitter configured to generate an electromagnetic wave;
a first directional coupler coupled to the transmitter and to the second transmit antenna, the first directional coupler configured to receive the electromagnetic wave from the transmitter and generate the second electromagnetic wave and an intermediate electromagnetic wave; and
a second directional coupler coupled to the first directional coupler and to the first and third transmit antennas, the second directional coupler configured to receive the intermediate electromagnetic wave and generate the first and third electromagnetic waves;
in which an amount of energy of the second electromagnetic wave is greater than an amount of energy of the first electromagnetic wave; and
in which an amount of energy of the third electromagnetic wave is approximately equal to the amount of energy in the first electromagnetic wave.
20. A method, comprising:
providing a first electromagnetic wave to travel in a sealed interior waveguide of a first gas cell along a first direction;
providing a second electromagnetic wave to travel in the sealed interior of the first gas cell along a second direction opposite the first direction;
providing a third electromagnetic wave to travel in a sealed interior waveguide of a second gas cell;
receiving the first and third electromagnetic waves after travel through the first and second gas cells; and
generating a background-free signal based on a difference between the first and third electromagnetic waves.