Anodizing an article of aluminum or alloy thereof

1. A method of anodizing an article of aluminum or aluminum alloy for applying a porous anodic oxide coating in preparation of the subsequent application of an adhesive bonding layer and/or a primer layer, comprising:

immersing the article in an electrolyte in a tank, wherein the electrolyte comprises an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid andphosphoric acid, and arranging the article as an anode with respect to one or more counter electrodes that are arranged as cathodes in the electrolyte; and

anodizing by applying a positive anode voltage Va to the article switched as anode, wherein the concentration of sulphuric acid in the electrolyte is in the range of 10-40 g/l, the concentration of phosphoric acid in the electrolyte is in the range of 2-40 g/l, the temperature of the electrolyte is in the range of 33-60° C. during the anodizing, and the anodizing time is in the range of 15-35 minutes;

wherein the electrolyte is maintained at an aluminum concentration of at most 4.8 g/l; and

the voltage is varied to achieve a current density of 0.8±0.4 A/dm 2 , wherein the anodizing is followed by a rinsing step performed approximately 3 minutes after the anodizing.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the rinsing step comprises rinsing the anodized article with a rinsing agent.

3. The method claim 1 , wherein the phosphoric acid concentration is in the range of 4-16 g/l.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the temperature of the electrolyte is in the range of 40-54° C.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode voltage is in the range of 8-34 V.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte is free from additional corrosion inhibitors.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anodizing comprises:

increasing the applied anode voltage at a gradient of 1-10 V/minute to a first valuein the range of 8-34 V,

maintaining the applied anode voltage at said first value for a first anodizing time,

raising the applied anode voltage to a second value in the range of 8-34 V, which second value is higher than the first value, and

maintaining the applied anode voltage at said second value for a second anodizing time.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the second anodizing time is less than the first anodizing time.

9. A method of manufacturing a painted anodized article, comprising:

immersing the article in an electrolyte in a tank, wherein the electrolyte comprises an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid andphosphoric acid, and arranging the article as an anode with respect to one or more counter electrodes that are arranged as cathodes in the electrolyte;

anodizing by applying a positive anode voltage Va to the article switched as anode, wherein the concentration of sulphuric acid in the electrolyte is in the range of 10-40 g/l, the concentration of phosphoric acid in the electrolyte is in the range of 2-40 g/l, the temperature of the electrolyte is in the range of 33-60° C. during the anodizing, and the anodizing time is in the range of 15-35 minutes;

applying a paint primer to a surface to be painted of the anodized article; and

painting the primed surface of the article;

wherein the electrolyte is maintained at an aluminum concentration of at most 4.8 g/l; and

the voltage is varied to achieve a current density of 0.8±0.4 A/dm 2 , wherein the anodizing is followed by a rinsing step performed approximately 3 minutes after the anodizing.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein a chromate (Cr(VI)) free bonding primer is applied to the anodized article prior to the application of the paint primer.

11. A method of manufacturing a metal bonded product comprising at least two metal articles of aluminum or aluminum alloy bonded to one another by means of an adhesive, comprising:

providing the at least two metal articles that were anodized by immersing the respective articles in an electrolyte in a tank, wherein the electrolyte comprises an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid, and arranging the respective article as an anode with respect to one or more counter electrodes that are arranged as cathodes in the electrolyte;

anodizing by applying a positive anode voltage Va to the respective article switched as anode, wherein the concentration of sulphuric acid in the electrolyte is in the range of 10-40 g/l, the concentration of phosphoric acid in the electrolyte is in the range of 2-40 g/l, the temperature of the electrolyte is in the range of 33-60° C. during the anodizing, and the anodizing time is in the range of 15-35 minutes;

applying a layer of a bonding primer to surfaces of the metal articles to be bonded together;

applying a layer of an adhesive to at least one of the surfaces to be bonded on top of the layer of bonding primer;

stacking the at least two metal articles such that surfaces of the articles to which at least the layer of bonding primer is applied face each other; and

bonding the stacked metal articles together under elevated pressure;

wherein the electrolyte is maintained at an aluminum concentration of at most 4.8 g/l; and

the voltage is varied to achieve a current density of 0.8±0.4 A/dm 2 , wherein the anodizing is followed by a rinsing step performed approximately 3 minutes after the anodizing.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the at least two metal articles are metal sheets of aluminum or aluminum alloy, whereby the metal bonded product is a metal bonded laminate.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the adhesive is a fiber-reinforced adhesive or the adhesive is impregnated into reinforcing fibers, so that the metal bonded product is a fiber metal laminate.

14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the bonding primer is a chromate (Cr(VI)) free bonding primer.

15. A method of anodizing an article of aluminum or aluminum alloy for applying a porous anodic oxide coating in preparation of the subsequent application of an adhesive bonding layer and/or a primer layer, comprising:

immersing the article in an electrolyte in a tank, wherein the electrolyte comprises an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid, and arranging the article as an anode with respect to one or more counter electrodes that are arranged as cathodes in the electrolyte; and

anodizing by applying a positive anode voltage Va to the article switched as anode, wherein the concentration of sulphuric acid in the electrolyte is in the range of 10-40 g/l, the concentration of phosphoric acid in the electrolyte is in the range of 2-40 g/l, the temperature of the electrolyte is in the range of 33-60° C. during the anodizing, and the anodizing time is in the range of 15-35 minutes, wherein the anodizing comprises:

increasing the applied anode voltage at a gradient of 1-10 V/minute to a first value in the range of 8-34 V;

maintaining the applied anode voltage at said first value for a first anodizing time, the first anodizing time being 10-15 minutes;

raising the applied anode voltage to a second value in the range of 8-34 V, which second value is higher than the first value; and

maintaining the applied anode voltage at said second value for a second anodizing time, the second anodizing time being 2-5 minutes;

wherein the electrolyte is maintained at an aluminum concentration of at most 4.8 g/l; and

the first and second applied anode voltages are maintained at respective values to achieve a current density of 0.8±0.4 A/dm 2 , wherein the anodizing is followed by a rinsing step performed approximately 3 minutes after the anodizing.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein, after anodizing, the porous anodic oxide coating is capable of achieving 10% or less bondline corrosion in response to a neutral salt spray duration of 180 days.

17. The method of claim 1 , further comprising drying the rinsed anodized article.