Redox-mediated poly(vinylphosphonic acid) useful in capacitors
A poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA)−(NH 4 ) 2 MoO 4 ), gel polymer electrolyte can be prepared by incorporating redox-mediated Mo, or similar metal, into a PVPA, or similar polymer, matrix. Gel polymer electrolytes including PVPA/MoX, x representing the percent fraction Mo in PVPA, can be used to make supercapacitors including active carbon electrodes. The electrolytes can be in gel form, bendable and stretchable in a device. Devices including this gel electrolyte can have a specific capacitance (Cs) of 1276 F/g, i.e., a more than 50-fold increase relative to a PVPA system without Mo. A PVPA/Mo10 supercapacitor can have an energy density of 180.2 Wh/kg at power density of 500 W/kg, and devices with this hydrogel structure may maintain 85+% of their initial capacitance performance after 2300 charge-discharge cycles.
1. An electrolyte, comprising:
poly(vinylphosphonic acid); and
a redox mediator in an amount in a range of from 1.0 to 20.0 wt. % of a total electrolyte weight,
wherein the electrolyte is in gel form.
2. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the redox mediator comprises a metal.
3. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the redox mediator comprises a metalloid.
4. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the redox mediator comprises at least 75 wt. % of Mo, Cr, Ti, Zn, Ni, Rh, Ru, Os, Pd, Ce, W, Ta, Nb, V, Co, Mn, and/or Fe, relative to a total elemental metal weight in the redox mediator.
5. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the redox mediator comprises at least 75 wt. % Mo, relative to a total elemental metal weight in the redox mediator.
6. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the redox mediator comprises a molybdate.
7. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the redox mediator comprises (NH 4 ) 2 MoO 4 in an amount of from 7.5 to 17.5 wt. % of the total electrolyte weight.
8. A capacitor, comprising:
a first electrically conducting layer;
an electrolyte layer comprising the electrolyte of claim 1 ; and
a second electrically conducting layer,
wherein the electrolyte layer is sandwiched between the layers of electrically conducting materials.
9. The capacitor of claim 8 , which is a symmetric capacitor.
10. The capacitor of claim 8 , wherein the first and/or second electrically conductive layer comprises at least 50 wt. % activated carbon, relative to a total weight of the electrically conductive layer.
11. The capacitor of claim 8 , wherein the first and/or second electrically conductive layer comprises conductive carbon in an amount of from 5 to 25 wt. %, relative to a total weight of the electrically conductive layer.
12. The capacitor of claim 8 , wherein the first and/or second electrically conductive layer comprises no more than 33 wt. % of a binder, relative to a total weight of the electrically conductive layer.
13. The capacitor of claim 8 , wherein the first and/or second electrically conductive layer consist essentially of activated carbon, conductive carbon, and binder.
14. The capacitor of claim 8 , wherein the redox mediator comprises a metal.
15. The capacitor of claim 8 , wherein the redox mediator comprises at least 75 wt. % Mo, relative to a total elemental metal weight in the redox mediator.
16. The capacitor of claim 8 , wherein the redox mediator comprises a molybdate
(NH 4 ) 2 MoO 4 is in an amount of from 7.5 to 17.5 wt. % of the total electrolyte weight.
17. The capacitor of claim 8 , which maintains at least 85% of its specific capacitance in a 60° bent and/or twisted state, relative to a flat state.
18. The capacitor of claim 8 , comprising outer layers of aluminum, silver, gold, and/or copper.
19. The capacitor of claim 8 , having
a specific capacitance in a range of from 1000 to 1500 F/g, and/or
an energy density in a range of from 150 to 210 Wh/kg at power density of 500 W/kg.
20. A method of storing energy, comprising:
flowing current through a gel electrolyte layer comprising poly(vinylphosphonic acid) and a redox mediator in an amount in a range of from 1.0 to 20.0 wt. % of a total electrolyte layer weight.