Non-flammable redox-mediated bioelectrolyte
A supercapacitor including two electrodes, and a gel electrolyte. The gel electrolyte includes glycerol, benzoquinone, phosphoric acid, and boric acid. The gel electrolyte is non-aqueous. The glycerol, phosphoric acid, and boric acid form a hydrogen bonding network. The benzoquinone is homogeneously dispersed within the hydrogen bonding network. The supercapacitor is included in wearable devices or power banks.
1. A supercapacitor, comprising:
two electrodes; and
a gel electrolyte,
wherein the gel electrolyte comprises:
glycerol;
benzoquinone;
phosphoric acid; and
boric acid,
wherein the gel electrolyte is non-aqueous,
wherein the glycerol, phosphoric acid, and boric acid form a hydrogen bonding network, and
wherein the benzoquinone is homogeneously dispersed within the hydrogen bonding network,
wherein the two electrodes each comprise:
a substrate; and
a mixture of a conductive additive, a binding compound, and an activated carbon at least partially coated on an inner surface of the substrate, and
wherein the two electrodes are disposed with the inner surfaces facing each other separated by the gel electrolyte to form the supercapacitor.
2. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the mixture comprises 5-10 wt. % of the conductive additive, 5-10 wt. % of the binding compound, and 80-90 wt. % of the activated carbon, based on the total weight of the conductive additive, the binding compound, and the activated carbon.
3. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the gel electrolyte comprises 1-60 wt. % of the benzoquinone, based on a total weight of the phosphoric acid and the glycerol.
4. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein in the gel electrolyte the phosphoric acid has a molarity of 1-5 molar (M) in the glycerol.
5. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein in the gel electrolyte the boric acid has a molarity of 1-5 M in the glycerol.
6. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the gel electrolyte comprises 1-60 wt. % of the benzoquinone, based on a total weight of the phosphoric acid and the glycerol,
wherein in the gel electrolyte the phosphoric acid has a molarity of 1-5 M in the glycerol, and
wherein in the gel electrolyte the boric acid has a molarity of 1-5 M in the glycerol.
7. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the gel electrolyte produces no fire after treatment with a flame.
8. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the gel electrolyte has a surface contact angle of 60-70°.
9. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the gel electrolyte is made by a method comprising:
mixing a 1-5 M solution of the phosphoric acid in the glycerol to form a phosphoric acid solution;
mixing 1-60 wt. % of the benzoquinone with the phosphoric acid solution to form a benzoquinone solution; and
mixing an amount of the boric acid to be 1-5 M in the benzoquinone mixture to form the gel electrolyte.
10. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the binding compound is a fluorinated polymer.
11. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the conductive additive is at least one selected from the group consisting of graphite, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and carbon black.
12. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is made from at least one material selected from the group consisting of copper, aluminum, nickel, iron, and steel.
13. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , having a specific capacitance of 250-300 farads per gram (F/g) at 1 ampere per gram (A/g).
14. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the supercapacitor maintains at least 90% of a capacitance after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles.
15. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , having a specific energy of 40-55 watt-hour per kilogram (Wh/kg) at a power of 270 watt per kilogram (W/kg).
16. A wearable device comprising the supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the supercapacitor is electrically connected to a sensor, and
the supercapacitor functions as a battery.
17. A power bank, comprising 2-10 of the supercapacitors of claim 1 connected in parallel and/or series.