Electric machine with inductive position sensor assembly and method for assembling and aligning the same
An electric machine includes a machine rotor circumscribed by a machine stator, and having a rotor shaft, rotor stack, and end cap which rotate about an axis. The end cap includes lobes equal in number to a number of pole pairs of the machine rotor. A position sensor assembly has a predetermined alignment with the machine rotor and stator. The sensor assembly includes a sensor rotor formed by the lobes and a sensor stator having a printed circuit board with conductive sine and cosine traces. Machine rotor rotation causes the sensor assembly to output an unmodulated sine and cosine signals to a controller, which then calculates a calibrated reference angle. A magnetic axis of an electrical phase of the machine is aligned with and bisects a peak of the sine trace. A direct axis of the machine rotor aligns with an edge of a lobe.
1. A rotary electric machine comprising:
a machine stator;
a machine rotor circumscribed by the machine stator and having a rotor shaft, a rotor stack, and an annular end cap collectively configured to rotate about an axis of rotation, wherein the end cap includes a plurality of lobes equal in number to a number of magnetic pole pairs of the machine rotor; and
a position sensor assembly having a predetermined alignment with the machine rotor and a predetermined alignment with the machine stator, the sensor assembly including:
a sensor rotor formed by the plurality of lobes; and
a sensor stator having a printed circuit board with a major surface, and with electrically conductive sine and cosine traces formed on the major surface;
wherein the sensor assembly is configured, in response to rotation of the machine rotor and a resulting rotation of the lobes with respect to the sine and cosine traces, to generate and output unmodulated sine and cosine signals to a controller, and wherein the predetermined alignment with the machine rotor and the predetermined alignment with the machine stator together align the unmodulated sine signal with a back-electromotive force of a predetermined electrical phase of the machine stator.
2. The rotary electric machine of claim 1 , wherein the machine rotor includes permanent magnets arranged in alternating north pole and south pole orientations around a perimeter of the machine rotor, and wherein the electric machine is a permanent magnet synchronous motor.
3. The rotary electric machine of claim 1 , wherein the lobes are constructed of copper, aluminum, or steel.
4. The rotary electric machine of claim 3 , wherein each of the lobes has an axial thickness of at least 0.5 mm.
5. The rotary electric machine of claim 1 , wherein the rotary electric machine is a polyphase/alternating current-powered electric traction motor and the sine and cosine traces have respective peaks and valleys, and wherein, in the predetermined alignment with the machine stator, a magnetic axis of a predetermined electrical phase of the electric traction motor is aligned with and bisects a peak of the sine trace.
6. The rotary electric machine of claim 5 , wherein in the predetermined alignment with the machine rotor, a direct axis (d-axis) of the machine rotor is coaxially aligned with an edge of one of the lobes.
7. The rotary electric machine of claim 1 , wherein the position sensor assembly is an inductive position sensor assembly.
8. An electric powertrain comprising:
a controller;
a battery pack;
a traction power inverter module (TPIM) connected to the battery pack;
a polyphase/alternating current rotary electric machine that is electrically connected to the TPIM, the electric machine comprising:
a machine stator;
a machine rotor connected to a driven load, circumscribed by the machine stator, and having a rotor shaft, a rotor stack, and an annular end cap that are collectively configured to rotate about an axis of rotation, wherein the end cap includes a plurality of lobes that are equal in number to a number of magnetic pole pairs of the machine rotor; and
an inductive position sensor assembly having a predetermined alignment with the machine rotor and a predetermined alignment with the machine stator, the sensor assembly including:
a sensor rotor formed by the lobes; and
a sensor stator having a printed circuit board with a major surface, and electrically conductive sine and cosine traces formed on the major surface, wherein the sensor stator is in communication with the controller;
wherein the sensor assembly is configured, in response to rotation of the machine rotor and resulting rotation of the lobes with respect to the sine and cosine traces, to generate and output unmodulated sine and cosine signals, the predetermined alignment with the machine rotor and the predetermined alignment with the machine stator together align the unmodulated sine signal with a back-electromotive force of a predetermined electrical phase of the machine stator, and wherein the controller is configured to establish a calibrated reference angle of the machine rotor using the unmodulated sine and cosine signals and thereafter control an operation of the electric machine using the calibrated reference angle.
9. The electric powertrain of claim 8 , wherein the machine rotor includes a plurality of permanent magnets arranged in alternating north pole and south pole orientations around a perimeter of the machine rotor, and wherein the electric machine is a permanent magnet synchronous motor.
10. The electric powertrain of claim 8 , wherein the lobes are constructed of copper, aluminum, or steel, and have an axial thickness of at least 0.5 mm.
11. The electric powertrain of claim 8 , wherein the rotary electric machine is a polyphase/alternating current-powered electric traction motor and the sine and cosine traces have respective peaks and valleys, and wherein in the predetermined alignment with the machine stator, a magnetic axis of the predetermined electrical phase of the electric traction motor is aligned with and bisects a peak of the sine trace.
12. The electric powertrain of claim 11 , wherein in the predetermined alignment with the machine rotor, a direct axis (d-axis) of the machine rotor is coaxially aligned with an edge of one of the lobes.
13. The electric powertrain of claim 11 , wherein the machine rotor is connected to a load, and the operation of the electric machine includes controlling an amount of output torque delivered to the load by the electric machine.
14. The electric powertrain of claim 13 , wherein the load is a set of road wheels of a motor vehicle.
15. A method for assembling an inductive position sensor assembly for a rotary electric machine having a machine rotor circumscribed by a machine stator, the machine rotor having a rotor shaft, a rotor stack, and an annular end cap that are collectively configured to rotate about an axis of rotation, the method comprising:
providing a sensor stator having a printed circuit board (PCB) with electrically conductive sine and cosine traces formed on a major surface of the PCB;
providing an annular end cap having a plurality of lobes equal in number to a number of magnetic pole pairs of the machine rotor;
connecting the sensor stator to the machine stator with a predetermined stator-stator alignment;
connecting the annular end cap to the machine rotor with a predetermined rotor-rotor alignment; and
in response to rotation of the machine rotor and a resulting rotation of the lobes with respect to the sine and cosine traces, generating and outputting an unmodulated sine and cosine signals to a controller, wherein the predetermined stator-stator alignment and the predetermined rotor-rotor alignment together align the unmodulated sine signal with a back-electromotive force of a predetermined electrical phase of the machine stator.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the machine rotor includes a plurality of permanent magnets arranged in alternating north pole and south pole orientations around a perimeter of the machine rotor, and wherein the electric machine is a permanent magnet synchronous motor.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the rotary electric machine is a polyphase alternating current-powered electric traction motor and the sine and cosine traces have respective peaks and valleys, and wherein connecting the sensor stator to the machine stator with a predetermined stator-stator alignment includes aligning a magnetic axis of the predetermined electrical phase with a peak of the sine trace, and wherein connecting the annular end cap to the machine rotor with a predetermined rotor-rotor alignment includes aligning a direct axis (d-axis) of the machine rotor with an edge of one of the lobes.
18. The method of claim 17 , further comprising:
in response to receipt of the unmodulated sine and cosine signals by the controller, establishing a calibrated reference angle of the machine rotor using the unmodulated sine/cosine data pair; and
controlling a torque and/or speed operation of the electric machine using the calibrated reference angle.
19. The method of claim 18 , further comprising:
connecting the machine rotor to a load; and
powering the load using output torque from the electric machine.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein powering the load includes powering one or more road wheels of a motor vehicle.