Methods for detecting single nucleotide variants or indels by deep sequencing
Disclosed herein are methods for use in detection of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) or indels. The methods may comprise enriching cell-free DNA molecules for a panel of genomic regions and deep sequencing the enriched cfDNA to detect the SNVs or indels.
1. A method for detecting a presence or an absence of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and/or insertions or deletions (indels), the method comprising:
(a) obtaining a plurality of polynucleotides which are or derive from cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid (cfDNA) molecules from a plasma sample of the subject;
(b) enriching a plurality of the polynucleotides for a sequencing panel comprising genomic regions to generate an enriched set of polynucleotides, wherein the enriched set of polynucleotides is representative of no more than about 35 thousand base pairs of a human genome, wherein the sequencing panel is selected using information derived from a cancer tumor biopsy of the subject indicating at least one of the no more than about 35 thousand base pairs of human genome contain a tumor marker present in a greater proportion in the cancer tumor biopsy than a background population;
(c) sequencing a plurality of the enriched set of polynucleotides at a sequence read depth of at least about fifty thousand sequence reads per base to generate sequence reads; and
(d) detecting the presence or the absence of the SNVs and/or indels corresponding to a tumor marker in the no more than about 35 thousand base pairs of human genome indicated in (b) from a plurality of the sequence reads generated in (c).
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sequencing is at a sequence read depth of at least about 100 thousand sequence reads per base.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising comparing sequence information obtained from the plurality of polynucleotides to sequence information obtained from a cohort of healthy individuals.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising determining a plurality of base calls from a plurality of the sequence reads at least in part by comparing the plurality of the sequence reads with a plurality of reference sequences, wherein a base call is reported if its frequency is greater than a noise threshold as determined by the frequency in a plurality of reference sequences.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the reference sequences are sequences from healthy individuals.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising using a cohort of healthy individuals to provide a baseline frequency of a base at a position, and the baseline frequency is used in determining the plurality of base calls.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising comparing a frequency for a base at a position in a cohort of healthy individuals from the subject to a frequency of a base detected among sequence reads from the subject.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the enriched set of polynucleotides is representative of no more than about 10 thousand base pairs of the human genome.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the enriched set of polynucleotides is representative of no more than about 5 thousand base pairs of the human genome.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject has previously received a treatment for a cancer.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and liver cancer.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the treatment for the cancer is selected from the group consisting of a surgical treatment, a radiation treatment, a chemotherapy, a targeted cancer therapeutics, and a cancer immunotherapy.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the obtaining in (a) comprises amplifying a plurality of the cfDNA molecules.
14. The method of claim 13 , further comprising determining a consensus sequence from a plurality of the sequence reads to reduce errors from the amplifying in (a) or the sequencing in (c).
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the amplifying in (a) or the enriching in (b) comprises tagging a plurality of the cfDNA molecules or polynucleotides by PCR amplification using primers with barcodes.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sequencing in (c) is performed within a read budget that allocates a pre-determined total number of base reads, wherein the plurality of polynucleotides comprises no more than a pre-determined amount of DNA.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein multiple cfDNA samples are collected from the subject over a plurality of time points and analyzed.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sequencing panel is selected to detect the SNVs and/or indels with a sensitivity of at least 85%.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sequencing panel is selected to achieve a sensitivity of at least 85% for a cancer selected from the group consisting of colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the enriching in (b) is performed using amplification-based enrichment.
21. The method of claim 1 , further comprising filtering out at least a portion of the plurality of the sequence reads or the plurality of the aligned sequence reads.