Imaging system
An imaging system is described for measuring the position or movement of a particle having a size of less than about 20 microns. The system comprises an optional sample holder configured to hold a sample with a particle, an optional illumination source configured to illuminate the sample, a lens having a magnification ratio from about 1:5 to about 5:1 and configured to generate the image of the sample, an image sensor having a pixel size of up to about 20 microns and configured to sense the image of the sample, and an image processor operatively connected to the image sensor to process the image of the particle in order to determine the position or movement of the particle. The dimension of the image of each particle is at least about 1.5 times the dimension of the particle multiplied by the magnification ratio of the lens, and the image of each particle is distributed on at least two pixels of the sensor. The imaged area of the sample is at least about one millimeter squared.
1. An imaging system, comprising:
an illumination source configured to illuminate a sample including a target analyte, wherein the target analyte forms a target-probe complex that binds to a particle on a first end and to a substrate on another end;
a lens configured to generate a blurred image of the particle, wherein a dimension of the blurred image of the particle is greater than a dimension of the particle multiplied by the magnification of the lens, and wherein a field of view in an image plane of the lens is larger than twice a size of the particle;
an image sensor having a pixel size of less than about the dimension of the blurred image of the particle, the image sensor configured to sense the blurred image of the particle, wherein an intensity of the blurred image of the particle is distributed on at least two pixels to form an intensity distribution; and
an image processor coupled with the image sensor and configured to determine a center of the intensity distribution associated with a first position of the particle, wherein the image processor is further configured to determine a displacement from the first position of the particle to a second position of the particle in a second configuration of the sample, the displacement being indicative of a binding of the particle to the target-probe complex
wherein the second configuration of the sample comprises a shifted fluid flow, and the particle is tethered to the substrate via the target-probe complex,
the target-probe complex has a pre-selected length, and
the image processor verifies the displacement based on the shifted fluid flow and the pre-selected length.
2. The imaging system of claim 1 , further comprising a sample holder configured to hold a sample containing a particle, wherein the sample holder is present and comprises a capillary or a glass slide.
3. The imaging system of claim 1 , wherein the lens has an optical resolution that is broader than the pixel size in the image sensor.
4. The imaging system of claim 1 , wherein the image processor is configured to discount the first position of the particle when a second particle in the field of view has a position closer to the first position of the particle than a resolving power of the lens.
5. The imaging system of claim 1 , wherein there are from about 100 particles to about 1 million particles in the field of view of the sample.
6. The imaging system of claim 1 , wherein the illumination source is present and provides a bright-field illumination or a dark-field illumination.
7. The imaging system of claim 1 , wherein the lens comprises a single lens, or a compound lens comprising several simple lenses, or an objective lens.
8. The imaging system of claim 1 , wherein the lens comprises a telecentric lens having a magnification ratio of about between 1:5 and 5:1.
9. The imaging system of claim 1 , wherein the image sensor comprises a CCD chip or a CMOS chip.
10. A method of determining a position or a movement of a particle in a sample, comprising the steps of:
generating a blurred image of the particle, wherein a dimension of the blurred image of the particle is greater than the dimension of the particle multiplied by the magnification of the lens, and wherein a field of view in an image plane of the lens is larger than twice a size of the particle;
sensing the image of the particle on at least two pixels of an image sensor having a pixel size of less than about the dimension of the image of the particle wherein an intensity of the image of the particle is distributed on at least two pixels to form an intensity distribution;
processing the image of the sample, including: determining a center of the intensity distribution associated with a first position of the particle, and determining a displacement from the first position of the particle to a second position of the particle in a second configuration of the sample, the displacement being indicative of a binding of the particle to a target-probe complex, and
shifting a fluid flow of the sample to form the second configuration of the sample, and verifying the displacement based on the fluid flow and a pre-selected length of the target-probe complex.
11. The method of claim 10 , further comprising holding the sample in a sample holder, wherein the sample holder comprises a capillary or a glass slide.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein generating a blurred image of the particle comprises imaging the particle with a lens that has an optical resolution that is broader than the pixel size in the image sensor.
13. The method of claim 10 , further comprising discounting the first position of the particle when a second particle in the field of view has a position closer to the first position of the particle than a resolving power of the lens.
14. The method of claim 10 , further comprising adjusting the field of view of the lens to include from about 100 particles to about 1 million particles.
15. The method of claim 10 , further comprising illuminating the sample with a bright-field illumination or a dark-field illumination.
16. The method of claim 10 , further comprising illuminating the sample with at least one light emitting diode.
17. The method of claim 10 , further comprising fitting a Gaussian mode to an intensity profile of the image of the particle to find the center of the particle.
18. The method of claim 10 , further comprising finding a geometric center of a binary image of the particle to determine the center of the particle.
19. An imaging system, comprising:
an illumination source configured to illuminate a sample including a target analyte, wherein the target analyte forms a target-probe complex that binds to a particle on a first end and to a substrate on another end;
a lens configured to generate a blurred image of the particle, wherein a dimension of the blurred image of the particle is greater than a dimension of the particle multiplied by the magnification of the lens, and wherein a field of view in an image plane of the lens is larger than twice a size of the particle;
an image sensor having a pixel size of less than about the dimension of the blurred image of the particle, the image sensor configured to sense the blurred image of the particle, wherein an intensity of the blurred image of the particle is distributed on at least two pixels to form an intensity distribution; and
an image processor coupled with the image sensor and configured to determine a center of the intensity distribution associated with a first position of the particle, wherein the image processor is further configured to determine a displacement from the first position of the particle to a second position of the particle in a second configuration of the sample, the displacement being indicative of a binding of the particle to the target-probe complex
wherein the image processor is configured to discount the first position of the particle when a second particle in the field of view has a position closer to the first position of the particle than a resolving power of the lens.
20. The imaging system of claim 19 , further comprising a sample holder configured to hold a sample containing a particle, wherein the sample holder is present and comprises a capillary or a glass slide.
21. The imaging system of claim 19 , wherein:
the second configuration of the sample comprises a shifted fluid flow, and the particle is tethered to the substrate via the target-probe complex,
the target-probe complex has a pre-selected length, and
the image processor verifies the displacement based on the shifted fluid flow and the pre-selected length.
22. The imaging system of claim 19 , wherein the lens has an optical resolution that is broader than the pixel size in the image sensor.
23. The imaging system of claim 19 , wherein there are from about 100 particles to about 1 million particles in the field of view of the sample.
24. The imaging system of claim 19 , wherein the illumination source is present and provides a bright-field illumination or a dark-field illumination.
25. The imaging system of claim 19 , wherein the lens comprises a single lens, or a compound lens comprising several simple lenses, or an objective lens.
26. The imaging system of claim 19 , wherein the lens comprises a telecentric lens having a magnification ratio of about between 1:5 and 5:1.
27. The imaging system of claim 19 , wherein the image sensor comprises a CCD chip or a CMOS chip.
28. A method of determining a position or a movement of a particle in a sample, comprising the steps of:
generating a blurred image of the particle, wherein a dimension of the blurred image of the particle is greater than the dimension of the particle multiplied by the magnification of the lens, and wherein a field of view in an image plane of the lens is larger than twice a size of the particle;
sensing the image of the particle on at least two pixels of an image sensor having a pixel size of less than about the dimension of the image of the particle wherein an intensity of the image of the particle is distributed on at least two pixels to form an intensity distribution;
processing the image of the sample, including: determining a center of the intensity distribution associated with a first position of the particle, and determining a displacement from the first position of the particle to a second position of the particle in a second configuration of the sample, the displacement being indicative of a binding of the particle to a target-probe complex, and
discounting the first position of the particle when a second particle in the field of view has a position closer to the first position of the particle than a resolving power of the lens.
29. The method of claim 28 , further comprising holding the sample in a sample holder, wherein the sample holder comprises a capillary or a glass slide.
30. The method of claim 28 , further comprising shifting a fluid flow of the sample to form the second configuration of the sample, and verifying the displacement based on the fluid flow and a pre-selected length of the target-probe complex.
31. The method of claim 28 , wherein generating a blurred image of the particle comprises imaging the particle with a lens that has an optical resolution that is broader than the pixel size in the image sensor.
32. The method of claim 28 , further comprising adjusting the field of view of the lens to include from about 100 particles to about 1 million particles.
33. The method of claim 28 , further comprising illuminating the sample with a bright-field illumination or a dark-field illumination.
34. The method of claim 28 , further comprising illuminating the sample with at least one light emitting diode.
35. The method of claim 28 , further comprising fitting a Gaussian mode to an intensity profile of the image of the particle to find the center of the particle.
36. The method of claim 28 , further comprising finding a geometric center of a binary image of the particle to determine the center of the particle.