Optical sensing and communications system

1. An optical system comprising:

a transmitter module configured to transmit a sequence of optical pulses, wherein the transmitted sequence of optical pulses is a sequence of optical pulses having decreasing magnitudes;

a receiver module comprising one or more optical signal detectors, the receiver module configured to receive the sequence of optical pulses transmitted by the transmitter module; and

one or more processors configured to process the sequence of optical pulses received by the receiver module to select an optical pulse from the received sequence of optical pulses based on one or more predetermined criteria;

wherein the one or more predetermined criteria include a criterion that the selected optical pulse does not saturate the one or more optical signal detectors.

2. The optical system according to claim 1 , wherein the receiver module comprises a photomultiplier detector for detecting the sequence of optical pulses transmitted by the transmitter module.

3. The optical system according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors are configured to select, from those optical pulses having magnitudes within linear range of the receiver, a pulse that has the largest magnitude.

4. The optical system according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors are configured to select, from the received sequence of optical pulses, a largest magnitude optical pulse that does not saturate an optical signal detector of the receiver module.

5. The optical system according to claim 1 , wherein the transmitted sequence of optical pulses is the sequence of optical pulses having strictly decreasing magnitudes.

6. The optical system according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors are further configured to determine data from the selected optical pulse, the data specifying a material property of one or more entities with which the selected optical pulse interacted between the transmitter module and the receiver module.

7. The optical system according to claim 1 , further comprising means for transferring, from the one or more processors to the transmitter module, information specifying the selected optical pulse.

8. The optical system according to claim 7 , wherein the transmitter module is further configured to, responsive to the transmitter module receiving the information specifying the selected optical pulse, transmit a further optical signal to the receiver module, the further optical signal having a magnitude substantially equal to the pulse from the transmitted sequence that corresponds to the selected optical pulse.

9. The optical system according to claim 1 , wherein the optical system further comprises one or more objects disposed between the transmitter module and the receiver module, the one or more objects arranged to:

receive the sequence of optical pulses transmitted by the transmitter module; and

reflect and/or scatter the received sequence of optical pulses to the receiver module.

10. The optical system according to claim 9 , wherein the one or more objects comprises a retro-reflector.

11. The optical system according to claim 1 , wherein the transmitter module comprises:

one or more transmitter lasers configured to generate a sequence of optical pulses; and

a modulator configured to modulate the optical pulses generated by the one or more transmitter lasers to provide that each optical pulse in the sequence has a different magnitude to each other pulse in the sequence.

12. The optical system according to claim 1 , further comprising:

one or more lasers configured to generate an optical signal;

a first beam splitter;

a second beam splitter; and

an optical delay line;

wherein

the one or more lasers are coupled to a first input of the first beam splitter such that the first beam splitter receives an optical signal from the one or more lasers;

the first beam splitter is configured to split an optical signal received at its first input between a first output of the first beam splitter and a second output of the first beam splitter;

an input of the second beam splitter is coupled to the first output of the first beam splitter;

the second beam splitter is configured to split an optical signal received at its input between a first output of the second beam splitter and a second output of the second beam splitter;

the transmitter module is coupled to the first output of the second beam splitter;

an input of the optical delay line is coupled to the second output of the second beam splitter;

an output of the optical delay line is coupled to a second input of the first beam splitter; and

the first beam splitter is configured to split an optical signal received at its second input between the first output of the first beam splitter and the second output of the first beam splitter.

13. The optical system according to claim 12 , wherein a transmitivity of the first beam splitter is substantially equal to a transmitivity of the second beam splitter.

14. The optical system according to claim 1 , wherein the receiver module comprises a photomultiplier detector for detecting the sequence of optical pulses transmitted by the transmitter module, and wherein the one or more processors are configured to select, from those optical pulses having magnitudes within linear range of the photomultiplier detector, a pulse that has the largest magnitude, wherein the selected largest magnitude optical pulse does not saturate the photomultiplier detector.

15. The optical system according to claim 1 , further comprising a communications link for transferring, from the one or more processors to the transmitter module, information specifying the selected optical pulse.

16. The optical system according to claim 15 , wherein the communications link is an optical communications link.

17. The optical system according to claim 15 , wherein the communications link is a wireless communications link.

18. A method for performance by an optical system, the method comprising:

transmitting, by a transmitter module, a sequence of optical pulses, wherein the transmitted sequence of optical pulses is a sequence of optical pulses having decreasing magnitudes;

receiving, by a receiver module comprising one or more optical signal detectors, the sequence of optical pulses transmitted by the transmitter module; and

processing, by one or more processors, the sequence of optical pulses received by the receiver module to select an optical pulse from the received sequence of optical pulses based on one or more predetermined criteria;

wherein the one or more predetermined criteria include a criterion that the selected optical pulse does not saturate the one or more optical signal detectors.

19. An optical system comprising:

a transmitter module configured to transmit a sequence of optical pulses, each optical pulse in the sequence having a different magnitude relative to each other optical pulse in the sequence;

a receiver module comprising one or more optical signal detectors, the receiver module configured to receive the sequence of optical pulses transmitted by the transmitter module; and

one or more processors configured to process the sequence of optical pulses received by the receiver module to select an optical pulse from the received sequence of optical pulses based on one or more predetermined criteria, wherein at least two optical pulses of the sequence of optical pulses are transmitted subsequent to a transmission of the selected optical pulse of the sequence of optical pulses,

wherein the one or more predetermined criteria include a criterion that the selected optical pulse does not saturate the one or more optical signal detectors.

20. The optical system of claim 19 , wherein the transmitted sequence of optical pulses is a sequence of optical pulses having decreasing magnitudes.