Methods, compositions, and molecular targets that exploit synergies and symbioses in the termite gut
Methods and compositions for controlling termite populations by leveraging newly discovered mechanisms for symbiont- and host mediated anti-fungal defenses in the termite hind-gut. Such methods may include administering a composition to a termite, the composition formulated to promote protist dysbiosis in the gut of the termite, or silencing specific host or symbiont genes by RNA interference, and exposing the termite to a pathogen, where the composition increases the susceptibility of the termite to the pathogen. Compositions are also provided for the treatment of fungal infections, the composition comprising a medically effective amount of recombinant glycosyl hydrolase family 7 cellulase, as well as methods for utilizing the same.
1. A method for controlling termite populations, the method comprising the steps of:
administering a composition to a termite, the composition formulated to promote symbiont dysbiosis in a gut of the termite and comprising an RNA interference construct comprising at least one double stranded RNA region, at least one strand of which comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a portion of a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs. 3-19; and
exposing the termite to a pathogen;
wherein administering the composition increases the susceptibility of the termite to the pathogen.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pathogen comprises an entomopathogenic fungi.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one strand of the RNA interference construct comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a portion of a symbiont nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs. 3 and 16-19.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises a sublethal dose of neonicotinoid.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the neonicotinoid comprises at or near 0.0001% imidacloprid in solution.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of downregulating at least one symbiont gene present within the termite, and wherein the step of exposing the termite to a pathogen upregulates at least one antimicrobial host gene of the termite and the expression of a protein encoded by such at least one antimicrobial host gene.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein at least one downregulated symbiont gene comprises a gene that encodes a protist glycosyl hydrolase family 7 cellulase, wherein beta 1, 3-glycosidase activity is reduced by such downregulation.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the protein is selected from the group consisting of: allatostatin, neuropeptide F, lysozyme, pathogen-recognition proteins, termicin, leucine-rich repeat proteins, and/or transferrins; and
the method further comprises the step of decreasing expression of one or more transcripts that encode the protein using an RNA interference technique.
9. A method for controlling termite populations comprising the steps of:
manipulating expression of one or more targeted genes to promote symbiont dysbiosis in a gut of a termite by administering a composition to the termite, the composition comprising:
an RNA interference construct comprising at least one double stranded RNA region, at least one strand of which comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a portion of a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs. 3-19; and
exposing the termite to at least one pathogen;
wherein manipulating the expression of the one or more targeted genes increases the susceptibility of the termite to the pathogen and the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs. 3-19 corresponds with one of the one or more targeted genes.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the symbiont comprises a protist symbiont population or a bacteria symbiont population present within the gut of the termite and the targeted gene comprises a gene of the symbiont.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the step of manipulating the expression a targeted gene is further to compromise one or more defense mechanisms of the termite, wherein at least one of the one or more defense mechanisms of the termite comprises a social behavior.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the step of manipulating the expression of one or more targeted genes comprises downregulating at least one symbiont gene of a protist present within the protist symbiont population and wherein the composition further comprises a sublethal dose of a neonicotinoid, and the at least one strand of the RNA interference construct comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a portion of a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs. 3 or 16-19.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the at least one symbiont gene comprises a gene that encodes a protist glycosyl hydrolase family 7 cellulase and the at least one pathogen comprises an entomopathogenic fungi.
14. The method of claim 9 , wherein:
the symbiont comprises a bacteria symbiont population present within the gut of the termite;
the at least one pathogen comprises a bacteria and an entomopathogenic fungi;
the one or more targeted genes comprises at least a gene that encodes a protein selected from a group consisting of: amidohydrolase 2, peroxiredoxin-mitochondrial, glutathione s-transferase, ferritin, 10 kDa heat shock protein, cytochrome b-c1 subunits 7, 9, and 10, cytochrome c, cytochrome c oxidase subunits 6B, 6C, and 7C, NADH dehydrogenase 1 alpha subunit, 3′-5′ exonuclease, 3′-5′ exonuclease/DNA polymerase I, calcium-calmodulin dependent kinase II, and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; and
the step of manipulating the expression of a targeted gene further comprises downregulating the targeted gene.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the composition further comprises kanamycin.
16. The method of claim 9 , wherein the composition further comprises at least a sublethal dose of a neonicotinoid, the sublethal dose being at or near 0.0001% imidacloprid in solution, wherein the sublethal dose is sufficient to reduce hindgut protist symbiont populations in the termite without directly killing the termite or modifying the hindgut structure.