Apparatus and method for targeted biodetection using a phage carrying a single electron transistor
A single electron transistor conjugated to a bacteriophage form a detectable probe where an RF signal identify the location of such probe at the site of specific biological matrix and provide a unique electronic signal such as a Coulomb Staircase and where such signal act as a diagnostic beacon and where such probe and a detector form a mesoscopic detector. The detector uses: a bioprobe containing the phage with its conjugated SET and the properties of the phage specificity; phage mobility within the biological environment and the phage ability to act as a carrier for the SET; and the SET's ultimate use as a beacon for the detection.
1. An apparatus adapted for use for diagnostic testing of a biotarget in a biological environment at room temperature comprising:
a phage including a linker, wherein the linker is configured to specifically conjugate to the biotarget;
a nanoparticle attached to the phage; and
a single electron transistor (SET) fabricated within the nanoparticle wherein the mesoscopic SET is configured to operate at a Coulomb blockade in the biological environment at room temperature.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising an RF source electromagnetically coupling to the SET to trigger a Coulomb staircase signal therefrom.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 further comprising an RF detector to selectively detect the Coulomb staircase signal.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 where the nanoparticle comprises a gold nanoparticle.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 where SET includes a junction gap of about 10 nm or less operative at room temperature.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 where the phage comprises a bacteriophage.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 where the phage is genetically modified.
8. The apparatus of claim 2 where the SET triggering a Coulomb staircase signal comprises a beacon.
9. The apparatus of claim 2 further comprising a serial chain of a plurality of nanoparticles, each including a corresponding SET, a signal conditioning circuit communicated with the serial chain to amplify and demodulate the Coulomb staircase signals from the SETs, an analog-to-digital converter communicated with the signal conditioning circuit, and a computer communicated with the analog-to-digital converter to data process the demodulated Coulomb staircase signal.
10. A method for use for diagnostic testing of a biotarget in a biological environment at room temperature comprising:
providing a phage including a linker to specifically conjugate to the biotarget;
providing a nanoparticle with a single electron transistor (SET) fabricated within the nanoparticle where the SET is mesoscopic sized to operate at a Coulomb blockade in the biological environment at room temperature; and
conjugating the nanoparticle with the single electron transistor (SET) with the phage through the linker to provide a mesoscopic electronic bioprobe.
11. The method of claim 10 further comprising:
disposing the electronic bioprobe into the biological environment at room temperature including the biotarget; and
selectively hybridizing the electronic bioprobe with the biotarget.
12. The method of claim 11 where disposing the electronic bioprobe into the biological environment comprises disposing a plurality of the electronic bioprobes into the biological environment and further comprising removing from the biological environment substantially all of the nonhybridized electronic bioprobes from the biological environment.
13. The method of claim 11 further comprising radiating the hybridized electronic bioprobe with an excitation RF signal to initiate the emission of the Coulomb staircase signal from the SET.
14. The method of claim 13 further comprising sensing the emitted Coulomb staircase signal to diagnostically identify presence of the biotarget in the bioenvironment.
15. The method of claim 14 where sensing the emitted Coulomb staircase signal to diagnostically identify presence of the biotarget in the bioenvironment comprises demodulating the emitted Coulomb staircase signal and data processing the demodulated signal to identify the presence of the biotarget in the bioenvironment.
16. The method of claim 14 further comprising trilateralizing the sensed Coulomb staircase signal to determine the location of the biotarget.
17. The method of claim 12 further comprising radiating the plurality of hybridized electronic bioprobes with an excitation RF signal to initiate the emission of the Coulomb staircase signal from the SET, sensing the emitted Coulomb staircase signals to diagnostically identify presence of the biotarget in the bioenvironment, and trilateralizing the sensed Coulomb staircase signals to determine the locations of the electronic bioprobes on the biotarget to diagnostically identify presence of the biotarget in the bioenvironment.
18. The method of 10 further comprising forming a chain of multiple electronic bioprobes and where conjugating the nanoparticle with the single electron transistor (SET) with the phage through the linker to provide a mesoscopic electronic bioprobe comprises conjugating the chain through the linker to the phage provide a mesoscopic electronic bioprobe with multiple SETs.
19. The method of claim 18 further comprising disposing a plurality of chains of multiple electronic bioprobes into the biological environment at room temperature including the biotarget;
selectively hybridizing at least one the plurality of chains of multiple electronic bioprobes with the biotarget;
removing from the biological environment substantially all of the nonhybridized chains of multiple electronic bioprobes from the biological environment;
radiating at least one of the hybridized multiple electronic bioprobes with an excitation RF signal to initiate the emission of the Coulomb staircase signal from the SET; and
sensing the emitted Coulomb staircase signal from the at least one of the plurality of hybridized multiple electronic bioprobes to diagnostically identify presence of the biotarget in the bioenvironment.
20. The method of claim 19 where sensing the emitted Coulomb staircase signal to diagnostically identify presence of the biotarget in the bioenvironment comprises demodulating the emitted Coulomb staircase signal and data processing the demodulated signal; and
trilateralizing the sensed Coulomb staircase signal to determine the location of the at least one of the plurality of electronic bioprobes on the biotarget to diagnostically identify presence of the biotarget in the bioenvironment.