Methods and apparatus for guiding medical care based on sensor data from the gastrointestinal tract
Methods and apparatus for guiding medical care based on sensor data from the gastrointestinal tract are described utilizing an apparatus which can be used with enteral feeding. Generally, the apparatus includes an elongated body having a length configured for insertion into a stomach and at least one pair of electrodes located along the length of the elongated body and positionable for placement within the stomach. A controller in electrical communication with the at least one pair of electrodes is included and the control may also be configured to measure a conductivity or impedance between the pair of electrodes and to determine a gastric residual volume of the stomach based on the measured conductivity or impedance.
1. An apparatus for use with enteral feeding, comprising:
an elongated body having a length configured for insertion into a stomach, wherein the elongated body defines at least one lumen through the length;
at least one pair of electrodes located along the length of the elongated body and positionable for placement within the stomach;
a controller in electrical communication with the at least one pair of electrodes, wherein the controller further comprises a display configured to display gastric residual volume (GRV) data over a period of time; and
an additive element configured for per-oral insertion into the stomach and which is configured to alter a conductivity or impedance measured between the pair of electrodes, wherein the additive element is in communication through the at least one lumen into the stomach,
wherein the controller is configured to measure a change in the conductivity or impedance between the pair of electrodes over a period of time, and
wherein the controller is configured to determine a GRV of the stomach based on the measured conductivity or impedance and an increase or decrease of a ratio of stomach acid to the additive element introduced through the at least one lumen.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the at least one pair of electrodes is located near or at a distal tip of the elongated body.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the controller is further configured to determine a location of the elongated body within a subject based on the conductivity or impedance measured between the pair of electrodes.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the additive element comprises a controlled volume of liquid.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the additive element comprises a volume of water.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the additive element comprises a volume of feed.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the controller is further configured to measure the conductivity or impedance without and with the additive element.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the controller is further configured to measure the conductivity or impedance between the at least one pair of electrodes.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the elongated device comprises a feeding tube.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the elongated device is sized for insertion through a feeding tube.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a feeding tube for use with the elongated body.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a pH sensor located along the elongated body.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the at least one pair of electrodes is disposed along an outer surface and in proximity to a distal portion of the elongated body.
14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the at least one pair of electrodes is comprised of a conductive ink.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the conductive ink includes silver.
16. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the controller is further configured to display or sound an alert when the GRV falls outside of an acceptable range.
17. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the additive element is configured for per-oral or nasal insertion into the stomach.
18. A method of determining gastric residual volume (GRV) in a subject, comprising:
introducing an elongated body having a length into a stomach of the subject;
positioning at least one pair of electrodes located along the length of the elongated body within the stomach;
measuring a conductivity or impedance between the pair of electrodes within the stomach over a period of time;
determining the GRV of the stomach based on the measured conductivity or impedance;
displaying GRV data upon a display;
introducing an additive element through at least one lumen defined through the length of the elongated body and into the stomach such that the measured conductivity or impedance is altered; and
determining an increase or decrease of a ratio of stomach acid to the additive element to determine the GRV.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein measuring a conductivity or impedance comprising measuring via a controller in electrical communication with the at least one pair of electrodes.
20. The method of claim 18 wherein positioning further comprises determining a location of the elongated body within the subject based on the conductivity or impedance measured between the pair of electrodes.
21. The method of claim 18 wherein introducing an additive element comprises introducing a controlled volume of liquid into the stomach.
22. The method of claim 18 wherein introducing an additive element comprises introducing a controlled volume of water.
23. The method of claim 18 wherein introducing an additive element comprises introducing a volume of feed.
24. The method of claim 18 wherein introducing an additive element comprises measuring the conductivity or impedance prior to and after introduction of the additive element into the stomach to determine the GRV of the stomach.
25. The method of claim 18 wherein the elongated device comprises a feeding tube.
26. The method of claim 18 wherein the elongated device is sized for insertion through a feeding tube.
27. The method of claim 18 further comprising sensing a pH within the stomach via a pH sensor located along the length of the elongated body.
28. The method of claim 18 wherein the at least one pair of electrodes is disposed along an outer surface and in proximity to a distal portion of the elongated body.
29. The method of claim 28 wherein the at least one pair of electrodes is comprised of a conductive ink.
30. The method of claim 29 wherein the conductive ink includes silver.
31. The method of claim 18 further comprising displaying or sounding an alert when the GRV falls outside of an acceptable range.
32. The method of claim 18 wherein measuring a conductivity or impedance comprises measuring the conductivity or impedance between the at least one pair of electrodes.
33. The method of claim 18 wherein introducing the additive element into the stomach comprises introducing the additive element per-orally or nasally.